Hippocrates once said “all disease begins in the gut” and, even though as a naturopathic doctor I have internalized this to the utmost degree, I still forget from time to time.
So, when I was having an increase in histamine symptoms (itchy eyes, runny nose, inflammation, congestion, itchy skin, immune issues), dental issues (bad breath, swollen tongue, increase in plaque and bleeding gums), gut issues (bloating, constipation, sugar cravings) and mood issues (PMS, low motivation, fatigue, brain fog, lower mood, fatigue) as well as other random symptoms such as decreased stamina, cold intolerance and otherwise just feeling “blah”, it took me an embarrassingly long amount of time to connect all these symptoms to being caused by a gut microbial imbalance.
Our gut bacteria outnumber the cells of our body by 10 to 1. These little guys influence our digestion, mood and immune system. They affect our brain function. A recent study in Frontiers in Psychiatry (Nguyen et al., 2021) even connects the diversity of our microbiome with loneliness and wisdom.
Interestingly, loneliness and wisdom have been found to occur in inverse relationship with one another. In other words, the wiser you are, the less lonely. It’s important to note here that loneliness is not the same thing with isolation or being alone–sometimes alone time is necessary for the type of self-reflection that imbues wisdom.
Wisdom is a complex phenomenon that is made up of traits like compassion towards self and others, self-awareness and reflective thinking and deep knowledge about the world and the meaning of life events. From this description we can imagine how protective wisdom might be against mental illness and how it may lend to mental, emotional and physical wellness.
The wiser you are, the better able you may be to make meaning of and persevere through life’s difficulties and connect with others. Wisdom lends itself to an overarching view of self, life and humanity that may allow us to respond to life’s challenges with resilience.
Perhaps a wise person who is alone may also be aware that they are also part of an interconnected ecosystem that includes self and others. They may be aware of their place within the fabric of existence. In this way, they are never really alone.
Further, the meaning they may derive from states of aloneness may protect them against the feelings of social isolation that are characterized by loneliness. Imagine a wise figure. Perhaps they are alone, but would you say they are lonely?
Our gut is sometimes called “the second brain” and forms part of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in which our gut bugs influence the health of our intestines and thus influence our nervous system, immune system and brain (Cryan & Dinan, 2012). Our gut microbiome can even influence personality traits such as agreeableness, openness and even neuroticisim (Kim et al,m 2018). Interestingly, unhealthy gut bacteria like proteobacteria (associated with SIBO) were associated with low conscientiousness and high neuroticisim (Kim et al., 2018).
Does this mean that diet can influence our tendency to hand things in on time and keep our rooms clean? hmm…
It’s interesting to think that we all have a sense of our personalities and who we are as people. We imagine ourselves to be introverted or extraverted, artistic, creative, liberal or conversative. We might consider ourselves kind or trustworthy, blunt or afraid of conflict. We may identify as people who make healthy eating choices and enjoy exercising or who have sweet tooths (teeth?).
Amidst this self-discovery, the exploration of mbti personalities seamlessly weaves into the fabric of our understanding, adding another layer to the rich and diverse mosaic of human characteristics. Delving into the realm of MBTI personalities opens a door to a nuanced comprehension of ourselves and those around us. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, with its sixteen distinctive personality types, provides a structured framework to decipher the intricacies of our individuality. This insightful exploration not only enhances self-awareness but also fosters a greater appreciation for the diverse ways in which personalities interlace and contribute to the vibrant mosaic of the human experience.
But what if we are less in control of our behaviour and even personality than we think? The truth is the bacteria in our gut produce chemicals that influence our behaviour: what we crave and eat and even how we act and think. In turn, this influences the composition of our gut.
Prosocial behaviour is associated with more gut biodiversity, and people who are more social tend to have microbiomes that are more diverse (Johnson, 2020). This makes sense if you think about it. If you’re exposed to a variety of people and environments, you’re likely exposed to a variety of bacteria and viruses as well. These microbes are ingested and incorporate themselves into our bodies.
When we visit different environments we consume foods in those environments. When we socialize with various people, we often share food. This increase in food diversity will also influence gut microbial diversity.
As I write this, I wonder about the effects of social isolation of the past 2-3 years. During Covid, our social circles decreased. Currently we are seeing a rise in infections: colds, flus and other illnesses (RSV, hand food and mouth disease, pink eye and so on), particularly in children. I wonder if this lack of socialization has affected our microbiomes and thus our individual and collective immunity. A hypothesis worth exploring, perhaps…
Further, the hypersanitization may also have contributed to shifting the health of our microbiome. It still remains to be seen.
We know that a lack of gut diversity can affect our immune system and is associated with obesity, inflammatory bowel disease and major depressive disorder (Jiang et al., 2015). In mice, the health of the microbiome is essential for their social development (Desbonnet et al., 2014)!
So, what does this mean practically and clinically?
Throughout my studies and years practicing as a naturopathic doctor, a clear-cut path towards improving microbiobial health of the gut is still unclear to me. We know that increasing the amounts of plants and fibre in the diet can support gut diversity. But we also know that fibre can cause constipation and bloating in some individuals and aggravate their digestion and that there are many indiviudals who at least anecdotally seem to thrive on diets that reduce fibre, such as the Carnivore Diet or an Animal-Based Diet (which, by the way, I’m not necessarily recommending here).
For me, gut health has largely been about paying attention and noticing when things have gone astray and then (and this part is harder than it sounds) correctly attributing what has gone astray to a shift in the health of my microbiome.
This has been years in the making. Our gut produces pain in response to stretch (i.e.: from gases in the intestines). We don’t necessarily feel pain in our gut if we’re experiencing intestinal permeabilty (leaky gut) or dysbiosis. This means that there is not a lot of feedback from our body that tells us about the state of our gut. Our gut doesn’t always hurt if it’s inflamed or imbalanced in the way your shoulder might. We need to look for other signs and symptoms that alert us to the state of health of our guts.
For me symptoms of gut imbalance often correlate with symptoms of candida overgrowth (something I, like many, am prone to). Candida, a species of yeast, tends to flourish in my body if my overall gut ecosystem is failing to keep it in check. Sometimes this can occur due to stress, and increase of sugar in my diet and other factors.
Symptoms I notice are:
– A change in oral health: more plaque on my teeth, bad breath, tongue coating, bleeding gums, and so on. – A change in mood and mental functioning: symptoms of depression or dysthymia such as apathy, low motivation and lethargy. Brain fog, difficulty concentration, poorer executive function (particularly initiating tasks or increased procrastination). – A change in digestion: persistent bloating, more constipation (involving not just frequency but stool quality. They might be stickier or harder to pass). – A change in immune function: more mucus production and congestion. Allergy symptoms. Trouble breathing,. – A change in energy and metabolism: reduced stamina despite exercising. Weight gain. Water retention. Fatigue. Feeling cold. – A change in cravings: wanting more sugar, binge-eating and overeating. Obsessing about food. Cravings for sugar after meals. Feeling “hangry” more often. Difficulty feeling full. Mental hunger (hunger despite feeling the presence of food in the stomach). – A change in hormonal health: changes to libido, vaginal flora. heavier periods, irregular periods. Increased PMS.
And so on. If this seems like virtually every system in the body is affected, I remind us all that Hippocrates said it first (or at least most famously): “all disease begins in the gut”.
What is the solution? Like recognizing the cause, the solution is often subtle. For me it was focusing attention to gut health and slowly steering the ship back to healthier habits.
The problem with dysbiosis is it often maintains itself. Low energy leads to less socialization and less motivation to cook healthy meals. More cravings lends to poorer food choices. These are just some examples of what you can imagine to be a variety of maintenance processes that are caused by and serve to perpetuate dysbiosis.
Therefore for me, the solution is not to make drastic changes but to identify and shift these patterns in support my microbiome.
1) I took sugar out of my diet. For me this involved shifting away from my 3 fruits a day to starchy vegetables (like squashes, etc.) I thrive on a Paleo-like diet (a whole foods diet that emphasizes fruit, vegetables and animal protein) and subtly shifted back to one.
I didn’t completely eliminate fruit sugar as I don’t believe there is a need. However, I recognized that I was likely overconsuming sweet foods as a response to dysbiosis and this wasn’t serving me.
2) I got on a comprehensive and broad-spectrum probiotic. I often tell my patients that probiotic prescribing is more of an art than a science and involves some trial-and-error. I typically look for one that has 8+ strains and a high CFU (colony forming unit) count. I took Colon Care 90 Billion by New Roots. This is certainly not the only good one and it might not be the right one for you, but it’s one I selected for myself based on a variety of factors I was looking for that supported my individualized assessment of my gut health.
For me probiotics can be highly effective, but they take time to work. They often can aggravate symptoms initially. The first symptoms I notice that indicate improvement are an improvement in oral health.
3) I supported my digestion in general. This involves for me supporting the liver and gallbladder, which influence gut motility, bile flow (which helps keep the small bowel free of bacteria) and fat digestion (which prevents growth of more pathogenic microbes and stabilizes blood sugar).
4) I consumed anti-candida, antimicrobial foods that work for me (again, this is after much trial and error). Raw garlic, coconut oil, apple cider vinegar and oregano oil. I also started on a candida herbal supplement that incorporates cloves, black walnut and other anti-microbial herbs that selectively kill pathogenic microbes while typically preserving healthy ones.
5) I supported my microbiome by integrated back into nature: getting outside more, reducing chemical exposure (soaps, fragrances, plastics, pesticides, etc.) and getting more sunlight. Camping outside in the cold, sleeping on the ground and brushing my teeth in a natural brook in Nova Scotia also likely contributed to shifting the diversity of my microbiome through encouraging the exchange of my microbes with those of the earth.
6) I supported the body’s stress response by getting more sleep. When I’m awake I try to get as much sun exposure as possible. Our microbiome and our Circadian Rhythms are intricately connected. Supporting one can support the health of the other (Bishehsari et al., 2020). Regarding this, I wonder if Daylight Savings Time made some of us more susceptible for microbial imbalances in our guts? Hm…
Getting off track is a holistic multi-facted process. We all know our own vices and susceptibilities if we look deep enough.
Therefore, getting on track is an equally holisitic and comprehensive process. It involves wisdom (which, conveniently, increases as your microbial health increases). I can help you figure things out if you’re new to this process.
After implementing these strategies and paying a bit more attention for a few weeks I slowly and surely notice myself feeling more like myself. Getting back on track: more energy, better mood, better cold tolerance (this is a big one!) and better gut health. My appetite has regulated incredibly. I feel like a different person. But the shifts have been slow and sometimes subtle (as is often the case with shifting an entire ecosystem) and paying attention to them is a very important part of the process.
Wisdom.
It’s not just diet. It’s not just supplements. It involves looking at the relevant factors and gently moving back in the right direction with patience and persistence. Maybe your main point of focus needs to be eating regular meals and meal planning. Maybe you need more strength-training. Maybe you need to start socializing more, getting out in public (knitting circle, anyone? I’ve been hearing so much about knitting circles these days, haha–a sign from the universe?).
Maybe it’s time to look at emotional eating with a pair of fresh eyes (perhaps through the lens of your microbiota). Maybe you need to take a walk outside today. Everyday. Breathe fresh air. Take a probiotic.
Contact me if you need support! I’m here for you.
What else do you do for your gut microbiome?
References:
Bishehsari, F., Voigt, R. M., & Keshavarzian, A. (2020). Circadian rhythms and the gut microbiota: From the metabolic syndrome to cancer. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 16(12), 731–739. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-020-00427-4
Cryan, J. F., & Dinan, T. G. (2012). Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 13(10), 701–712. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3346
Desbonnet, L., Clarke, G., Shanahan, F., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2014). Microbiota is essential for social development in the mouse. Molecular psychiatry, 19(2), 146–148. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2013.65
Jiang, H., Ling, Z., Zhang, Y., Mao, H., Ma, Z., Yin, Y., Wang, W., Tang, W., Tan, Z., Shi, J., Li, L., & Ruan, B. (2015). Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 48, 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2015.03.016
Johnson, K. V. A. (2020). Gut microbiome composition and diversity are related to human personality traits. Human Microbiome Journal, 15, 100069.
Kim, H. N., Yun, Y., Ryu, S., Chang, Y., Kwon, M. J., Cho, J., Shin, H., & Kim, H. L. (2018). Correlation between gut microbiota and personality in adults: A cross-sectional study. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 69, 374–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2017.12.012
Nguyen, T. T., Zhang, X., Wu, T.-C., Liu, J., Le, C., Tu, X. M., Knight, R., & Jeste, D. V. (2021). Association of loneliness and wisdom with gut microbial diversity and composition: An exploratory study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.648475
Did you know it can take modern medical research 17 to 20 years before it reaches mainstream medical practice?
Sometimes it takes us time to be sure and this means repeating study results over and over again with various populations. Sometimes, however it can take time to instill new consciousness into our habits and routines. We humans are creatures of habit and prone to bias. It can he hard to change our minds and change our ways, which can lead to even the most well-meaning and intelligent doctors making outdated recommendations or relying on old science.
For instance, have you ever been told (or know someone who’s been told) to avoid eggs for your cholesterol (facepalm). What about low-fat diets? Ridiculous as it may seem, this is still being said to my patients.
You get my point, right?
This brings me to the topic of supplementation for two nutrients that we North Americans are prone to deficiency in: Vitamin D and Iron.
Let’s start with iron.
Iron: Is needed to make hemoglobin in red blood cells. It shuttles oxygen around the body. We use that oxygen for cellular respiration (to make energy) in our mitochondria.
Low iron can lead to anemia (lack of red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit).
Low iron can cause symptoms such as: low energy, low mood (dopamine), low thyroid function, feelings of cold, racing heart, anxiety, dizziness, weakness, hair loss, dry and pale skin, low stamina and exercise tolerance as the body is not able to move oxygen around the body to make energy.
So, what do you do when your iron is low? Supplement, right? Normally, I would have said yes.
That’s where things have changed for me.
So, I noticed that even if I recommended gentle iron supplements (iron bisglycinate or heme iron), patients wouldn’t take them. Even if they didn’t cause constipation (which the conventionally prescribed ferrous fumarate is infamous for) or other gastrointestinal symptoms, patients had a certain aversion to iron supplements that was hard to explain.
Further, sometimes they would raise blood iron levels and sometimes they wouldn’t. Sometimes they would raise levels and then levels would fall back down again.
It’s interesting to note that iron is the most abundant element on the planet, making up 35% of the Earth. It is fortified in commonly eating foods like bread and cereals. The problem is not iron intake, it is iron metabolism, or the way that iron is moved throughout the body.
We can have 10 times the amount of iron lodged in our tissues than is present and measured in our blood. And this isn’t good. Iron interacts with oxygen and causes oxidation (or “rusting”). This can cause inflammation of our tissues, like gut tissue. It can negatively impact our livers. We want iron safely stored in hemoglobin.
In order to get iron out of our tissues we need an enzyme call ceruloplasmin, which depends on the element copper. Copper is needed to get iron out of the tissues and into the blood in the form of hemoglobin so that it can be used to move oxygen to our mitochondria to give us energy.
Now, we also need preformed vitamin A (retinol, only found in animal foods) to load copper into ceruloplasmin.. (to get iron into hemoglobin so that oxygen can get to our cells, it’s like that song “The Farmer takes a wife”, haha). You get the picture.
Put simply:
Energy– > oxygen in mitochondria –> hemoglobin (with iron) –> requires ceruloplasmin (vitamin A and copper).
So, the key to supporting iron levels and energy production is not more iron! It’s the nutrients that help iron work properly in the body. Copper and Vitamin a, which are found (along with highly absorbable heme iron) in Beef Liver!
Interestingly enough Whipple, Minot and Murphy were awarded the Nobel prize in physiology and medicine in 1934 when they discovered that beef liver cured anemia and pernicious anemia (B12 deficiency).
Beef liver is rich in choline (supports the liver, especially fatty liver, cell membranes, brain health, digestion, gallbladder function, mood and memory), zinc, B vitamins and hyaluronic acid.
Very often we find that we are implementing too many interventions and the key is to go back to our roots: to nature and ancestral practices to solve our problems. Sometimes we don’t need more technology, but more nature. An ancestral food that few of us consume anymore (at least not regularly). Good old beef liver. I will tell patients to consume lightly cooked grass-fed liver or take it in a supplement form (which is what I do).
Vitamin D is actually a hormone. It regulates 900 genes in the body that are involved in bone health, immune function (supporting low immune function and autoimmunity) and mood.
We humans get vitamin D from the sun. Sun hits cholesterol in our skin and our skin makes vitamin D. This is the best way to get vitamin D. Therefore in sunny climates, get sun! Clothing and sunscreen blocks vitamin D, fyi. About 20 minutes a day of direct sun on 20% of your skin (t-shirt and shorts), can generally give you your daily vitamin D.
However, in the winter, our skin does not have access to sun exposure and we don’t make vitamin D. So what do we do? Well, up until recently I would have told you to take a vitamin D supplement, in the form of drops (as D is fat-soluble) to make sure that your blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH D) is >125 nmol/L.
However: vitamin D requires magnesium to be activated in the body (and most modern humans are notoriously deficient in magnesium). Sometimes low blood levels of D are actually an indication of low magnesium.
Further, high levels of supplemental vitamin D also deplete levels of vitamin A (or retinol). Vitamin A and vitamin D must be taken together as they are biological partners. In fact, one of the things that sunlight does is activate preformed vitamin A in the skin as well as activate vitamin D synthesis. Vitamin A helps activate Vitamin D receptors (and remember that vitamin A is responsible for iron metabolism as well).
The good news is that both vitamin D and vitamin A are found together in nature in Cod Liver oil (along with the antiinflammatory omega 3 fish oils EPA and DHA). So, I am more frequently recommending Cod liver oil as a vitamin D source along with magnesium to help support vitamin D metabolism in the body. We need to get vitamin D from a supplemental source in the winter if we’re not getting enough sun, however the precautionary principle will tell us that historic supplementation (what our Northern ancestors might have practiced) contains lots of wisdom.
Nutrients don’t work in isolation. They work in networks (just like our hormones and immune cells). We need copper and Vitamin A to regulate iron. We need magnesium and vitamin A to regulate vitamin D.
Isolating and supplementing with single vitamins and minerals may be indicated for some patients (going deep and narrow, particularly for people with pronounced and specific deficiencies), however in general I’m moving to a more holistic and ancestral prescribing practice with most patients when appropriate–this is where I see the current evidence pointing: to a more holistic vs. reductionist approach.
That being said, everyone is different and so all prescriptions are highly individualized. There are some people who these supplements are not indicated for or appropriate for and so alternatives are prescribed.
The reason my practice is built around 1:1 visits is because this is where the magic lies. In individualist prescribing. You are not the same as your neighbour. You have specific needs and considerations for your health.
I hope that makes sense. The world of nuritition is a fascinating subject. In order to stay on top of the current best practices it is my responsible to be on top of the research (sifting through the vast arrays of information) and flexible enough to pivot my approach when necessary.
I don’t practice the same way I did when I graduated. Or even the exact same way I did last year. It is important to keep things fresh and current and not let ego stand in the way of changing things for the better.
What do you think? Do you take beef liver and cod liver oil? How’s that been going for you?
Brett Weinstein and Heather Heying have a t-shirt that says “Welcome to Complex Systems” on it.
Indeed.
Many patients and biological reductionism want to know what caused my anxiety, depression, hormonal issues, and autoimmune disease? What did I do wrong, or that went wrong for me? What was the food I failed to eat, the ingredient I was missing or the thing that caused the house of cards that represented my health to topple?
I think it’s appropriate to answer, “welcome to complex systems.”
Like everything else in nature, your body, your mental health is a complex system. This means that it consists of many factors, many of which have yet to be identified, virtually all that have yet to be correctly understood, that drive its function—even seeing health as an absence of disease, which is essentially how our medical system is organized, is a product of biological reductionism. Biological (or rather mechanical reductionism), the attempt to identify the loose screw or the spring that’s out of place, works for your car, but it doesn’t work for your brain, body, mental or physical health.
Understanding health might be better done using the Biopsychosocial Model, a framework for understanding where we sit today in terms of our health from the context of our biology, psychology, and social environment. Further, the biology part of the biopsychosocial factors that drive our health can be considered triggers and drivers rather than cause and effect.
Say you are feeling terrible. You’re feeling exhausted and agitated, and you’re constipated, and your hair is falling out. You see your doctor, and they tell you everything is great. You push for some bloodwork. Your doctor says your thyroid is slightly off, but it’s likely nothing.
So you take the bloodwork to your naturopathic doctor, who tells you your stimulating thyroid hormone, or TSH, is out of range, indicating that your thyroid seems to be under-functioning. They order more testing to understand what else lies under the hood and find your anti-thyroid antibodies are sky-high. It turns out you might have Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or a condition of under-functioning thyroid driven by autoimmunity.
You also have celiac and a family history of multiple sclerosis, thyroid issues, and other autoimmune diseases. How did this happen?
For months you were dealing with a ton of stress. You also haven’t been eating the greatest. But you haven’t been sleeping well either, and it’s hard to eat well when you’re so darn tired. You’ve been working a lot, dealing with a global pandemic and all, and things haven’t been great. But this is compounded by the fact that you’re not feeling great, which makes it harder to deal with the stress, making the condition worse–a vicious cycle.
At least now you know that something is going on, and it’s not all in your head, but what caused this?
We want to know the exact cause of something to find the specific treatment. This is biological reductionism. Something is missing; we’ve identified the thing, so here’s the magic bullet that will target the exact issue and either replace it or weed it out.
The problem with complex systems is that when we pull one thread on this ball of yarn that is your health, a knot gets tightened somewhere else. Like the post on Chesterton’s fence, complex systems are difficult to understand. So we must assume we don’t fully understand them, and therefore I believe we should exercise humility when it comes to tugging on pieces of yarn that comprise the whole operation.
For example, the side effects of drugs aren’t side effects; they’re effects. Some of these effects are wanted. But all the other effects that happen, such as weight gain, agitation, or migraines from anti-anxiety medication, are unwanted. And they are still effects of the drug. Side effects of drugs are indications that we have failed to understand the implications of messing with complex systems entirely.
Sometimes this might be warranted. The system might be so far out of bounds that it could kill you unless we intervene. Sometimes the drug is more specific–if you don’t have a thyroid, you need thyroid hormone. However, does the thyroid have a role beyond simply producing T4 (thyroid medication)? While thyroid hormone medication might be indicated or necessary, is it fully completing the thyroid’s function in the complex system? What about T3? (or T1 and T2)? What about iodine? What about the driver contributing to thyroid dysfunction? Is it still driving disease? Might it start to create other symptoms elsewhere in the body?
In other words, have we entirely dealt with the problem when we reduce thyroid dysfunction down to deficiency of a single hormone?
So, I explain to my patient; there isn’t a cause of autoimmune disease or a thyroid condition. There are drivers, such as chronic inflammation (which might be triggered by a specific food your immune system doesn’t like). There might be a driver like chronic stress triggered by a more stressful event. Genes can be drivers or susceptibilities triggered by environmental factors, such as nutrient deficiencies. So, it’s not gluten that caused your thyroid issue, but it might start or driveimmune system overactivation and chronic inflammation, contributing to the problem.
So what does this mean for treatment? It means we need to look at the ball of yarn respectfully. We need to appreciate how many symptoms are a healthy response and compensation by the body. If we randomly attack a symptom like fatigue with a stimulant, we might further drive the inflammation, nutrient deficiencies, or stress that underly that symptom. We need to understand what the body lacks (what’s it deficient in?) and when it might have too many environmental toxins, allergens, chronic stress, blue light, etc.
We need to look at the system and help it re-establish its equilibrium. Cleaning up garbage in a pond is likely a good idea–it probably shouldn’t be there in the first place. The pond didn’t create the trash. But what about something else we don’t want, like an algae overgrowth? But if we throw an algaecide in the water, what unseen harm might we be doing to the pond’s ecosystem if we mess with it? Has the pond created algae for the reason that currently escapes us, but wouldn’t if we looked a little deeper?
Why doesn’t our modern medical model treat our bodies as complex systems? I’m not sure. A few guesses, though. Complex systems are complicated, if not impossible, to understand. They require time to unravel. They need patience and education. They require effort on the part of the patient to try to shift their environment to eliminate or adjust possible triggers. They are impossibly hard to market and profit from.
Getting our concept of a complex system “right” can take time. It might take trial and error, collecting information, curiosity, and a willingness to try. It might take admitting that our culture has many aspects to it that are inherently unhealthy.
We might have to find a mini culture where people get sun, eat well, move, and sleep early to support our health. We might have to be “stricter” than the people around us. These people may have similar drivers working below the surface, but their symptoms may look different. They do not display symptoms like fatigue or anxiety until their systems have completely shifted beyond balance.
We are all a manifestation of complex systems. Laini Taylor says, “Inside each of us, there is a world that no one else can ever know or see or visit.”
“There exists in such a case a certain institution or law; let us say, for the sake of simplicity, a fence or gate erected across a road. The more modern type of reformer goes gaily up to it and says, “I don’t see the use of this; let us clear it away.” To which the more intelligent type of reformer will do well to answer: “If you don’t see the use of it, I certainly won’t let you clear it away. Go away and think. Then, when you can come back and tell me that you do see the use of it, I may allow you to destroy it.”
In other words, beware of tearing down structures until you fully understand their benefit.
Chesterton’s Fence can also be thought of as the Precautionary Principle. Not following this principle led to scientific practices like frontal lobotomies or removing the entire large intestine because doctors didn’t understand the benefits of these structures or the consequences of removing them.
A narrow range of focus, i.e., this organ is causing a problem, or we don’t know why it’s here, led to drastic action that resulted in unforeseen, disastrous consequences.
I believe that such is the case with our stomach acid.
The stomach is essentially a lined bag filled with acid. Stomach pH is from 1.5 to 3.5, acidic enough to burn a hole in your shoe. However, the mucus layer of the stomach protects it from being destroyed by the acid. The acid in the stomach helps dissolve and digest the food chewed up by the teeth and swallowed.
Stomach pH is needed for breaking down proteins. Stomach acid also plays a role in absorbing minerals such as calcium, zinc, manganese, magnesium, copper, phosphorus and iron. It activates intrinsic factor, which is needed for B12 absorption in the small intestine.
Stomach acid regulates the rate of gastric emptying, preventing acid reflux.
Fast-forward to a condition called gastric esophageal reflux disease, or GERD. GERD affects about 20% of Western countries, characterized by high esophageal pH and reflux of the stomach acid and stomach contents into the esophagus. While the stomach is designed to handle a shallow pH environment, the esophagus is not. A doorway called the lower esophageal sphincter, or LES, keeps stomach contents where they should be–in the stomach.
In GERD, the tone of the LES is weak, resulting in a backflow of stomach contents. This can damage the esophagus, causing heartburn, pain, bad breath, coughing and even problems like ear pain, sore throat, and mucus in the throat. Silent reflux occurs when these symptoms occur without burning.
The symptoms occur from the stomach’s acidic contents irritating the more delicate tissues of the esophagus. So, rather than treat the root problem, i.e., the reflux, drugs like proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2 blockers, and buffers like Tums are recommended to reduce the stomach’s acidity.
Essentially, with GERD, we are tearing down Chesterton’s Fence to pave a road without taking even a moment to consider why the fence might be there in the first place.
About 12% of people are prescribed PPIs. They are given for GERD, gastritis, and IBS symptoms like bloating and stomach pain. Most of my patients are prescribed them for virtually any stomach complaint. PPIs, it seems, are the hammers wielded by many GPs, and so every digestive concern must look like a nail. Most people are put on them inevitably, without a plan to end the use and address the root cause of symptoms, which in most GERD cases are low LES tone.
PPIs raise stomach pH, disrupting stomach function. This causes issues with mineral absorption and protein digestion. Their use results in B12, vitamin C, calcium, iron, and magnesium deficiencies. Many of these deficiencies, like magnesium deficiency, can’t be tested and therefore might show up sub-clinically in tight muscles, headaches, painful periods, disrupted sleep and anxiety, and constipation. Therefore they fly under the radar of most primary care doctors.
No one connects someone’s heartburn medication with their recent onset of muscle tightness and anxiety.
Many of my patients report difficulties digesting meat and feeling bloated and tired after eating, particularly when consuming a protein-rich meal. They conclude that the meat isn’t good for them. The problem, however, is not meat but that stomach acid that is too diluted to break down the protein in their meal, leading to gas and bloating as the larger protein fragments enter the small intestine.
Many digestive problems result from this malabsorption and deficiency in stomach acid, not too much. Zinc is required for stomach acid production, and one of the best sources of zinc is red meat (zinc is notoriously lacking from plant foods). I have recently been prescribing lots of digestive enzymes and zinc to work my patients’ digestive gears.
Therefore, beware of tearing down a fence without understanding why it’s there. Stomach acid is essential for digesting our food, and regulating blood sugar and building muscle mass through protein digestion.
It is necessary for mineral absorption and B12 digestion. Our stomachs were designed to contain an extremely low pH. They evolved over millennia to do this. Stomach acid is low for a reason. It’s highly unlikely that our bodies made a mistake when it comes to stomach acid.
Therefore, beware of messing with it.
Consider that our bodies know what they’re doing. Consider the importance of finding and treating the actual root cause, not one factor that, if mitigated, can suppress symptoms while causing a host of other problems.
Don’t block your stomach acid.
As Hippocrates said, “All disease begins in the gut.”
It is the boundary between us and the outside world, the border where our body carefully navigates what can come in and nourish us and what should stay outside of us: our fence. Beware of tearing it down.
References:
Antunes C, Aleem A, Curtis SA. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. [Updated 2021 Jul 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441938/
Daniels B, Pearson SA, Buckley NA, Bruno C, Zoega H. Long-term use of proton-pump inhibitors: whole-of-population patterns in Australia 2013-2016. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2020;13:1756284820913743. Published 2020 Mar 19. doi:10.1177/1756284820913743
Heidelbaugh JJ. Proton pump inhibitors and risk of vitamin and mineral deficiency: evidence and clinical implications. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2013;4(3):125-133. doi:10.1177/2042098613482484
It’s day one of my period and I’ve been healing a broken foot for 6 weeks. The weather is overcast, thick, humid and rainy.
My body feels thick and heavy. Clothing leaves an imprint on my skin–socks leave deep indentations in my ankles. My face and foot is swollen. My tongue feels heavy. My mind feels dull, achey, and foggy. It’s hard to put coherent words together.
I feel cloudy and sleepy. Small frustrations magnify. It’s hard to maintain perspective.
My muscles ache. My joints throb slightly. They feel stiffer and creakier.
This feeling is transient. The first few days of the menstrual cycle are characterized by an increase in prostaglandins that stimulate menstrual flow and so many women experience an aggravation of inflammatory symptoms like depression, arthritis, or autoimmune conditions around this time. You might get. a cold sore outbreak, or a migraine headache around this time of month. The phenomenon can be exaggerated with heavy, humid weather, and chronic inflammation–such as the prolonged healing process of mending a broken bone.
Inflammation.
It’s our body’s beautiful healing response, bringing water, nutrients, and immune cells to an area of injury or attack. The area involved swells, heats up, becomes red, and might radiate pain. And then, within a matter of days, weeks, or months, the pathogen is neutralized, the wound heals and the inflammatory process turns off, like a switch.
However, inflammation can be low-grade and chronic. Many chronic health conditions such as diabetes, arthritis, PMS or PMDD, depression, anxiety, migraines, even bowel and digestive issues, have an inflammatory component.
In the quest to manage chronic inflammation, people often explore various avenues, including dietary supplements. One such natural option gaining attention is OrganicCBDNugs. Derived from the hemp plant, CBD, or cannabidiol, is believed to possess anti-inflammatory properties, potentially offering relief to those struggling with conditions like arthritis, anxiety, or migraines.
This organic supplement, with its purported ability to interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system, might provide a holistic approach to tackling inflammation-related issues. As we navigate the complexities of our bodies and the ebb and flow of inflammation, exploring natural remedies like Organic CBD could be a step toward finding equilibrium and promoting overall well-being.
As I telly my patients. Inflammation is “everything that makes you feel bad”. Therefore anti-inflammatory practices make you feel good.
Many of us don’t realize how good we can feel because low-grade inflammation is our norm.
We just know that things could be better: we could feel more energy, more lightness of being and body, more uplifted, optimistic mood, clearer thinking and cognitive functioning, better focus, less stiffness and less swelling.
Obesity and weight gain are likely inflammatory processes. Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome are inflammatory in nature. It’s hard to distinguish between chronic swelling and water retention due to underlying low-grade chronic inflammation and actual fat gain, and the two can be closely intertwined.
It’s unfortunate then, that weight loss is often prescribed as a treatment plan for things like hormonal imbalances, or other conditions caused by metabolic imbalance. Not only has the individual probably already made several attempts to lose weight, the unwanted weight gain is most likely a symptom, rather than a cause, of their chronic health complaint. (Learn how to get to the root of this with my course You Weigh Less on the Moon).
Both the main complaint (the migraines, the PMS, the endometriosis, the depression, the arthritis, etc.) and the weight gain, are likely due to an inflammatory process occurring in the body.
To simply try to cut calories, or eat less, or exercise more (which can be helpful for inflammation or aggravate it, depending on the level of stress someone is under), can only exacerbate the process by creating more stress and inflammation and do nothing to relieve the root cause of the issues at hand.
Even anti-inflammatory over the counter medications like Advil, prescription ones like naproxen, or natural supplements like turmeric (curcumin) have limiting effects. They work wonderfully if the inflammation is self-limiting: a day or two of terrible period cramps, or a migraine headache. However, they do little to resolve chronic low-grade inflammation. If anything they only succeed at temporarily suppressing it only to have it come back with a vengeance.
The issue then, is to uncover the root of the inflammation, and if the specific root can’t be found (like the piece of glass in your foot causing foot pain), then applying a general anti-inflammatory lifestyle is key.
The first place to start is with the gut and nutrition.
Nutrition is at once a complex, confusing, contradictory science and a very simple endeavour. Nutrition was the simplest thing for hundreds of thousands of years: we simply ate what tasted good. We ate meat, fish and all the parts of animals. We ate ripe fruit and vegetables and other plant matter that could be broken down with minimal processing.
That’s it.
We didn’t eat red dye #3, and artificial sweeteners, and heavily modified grains sprayed with glyphosate, and heavily processed flours, and seed oils that require several steps of solvent extraction. We didn’t eat modified corn products, or high fructose corn syrup, or carbonated drinks that are artificially coloured and taste like chemicals.
We knew our food—we knew it intimately because it was grown, raised, or hunted by us or someone we knew—and we knew where it came from.
Now we have no clue. And this onslaught of random food stuffs can wreck havoc on our systems over time. Our bodies are resilient and you probably know someone who apparently thrives on a diet full of random edible food-like products, who’s never touched a vegetable and eats waffles for lunch.
However, our capacity to heal and live without optimal nutrition, regular meals that nourish us and heal us rather than impose another adversity to overcome, can diminish when we start adding in environmental chemicals and toxins, mental and emotional stress, a lack of sleep, and invasion of blue light at all hours of the day, bodies that are prevented from experiencing their full range of motion, and so on.
And so to reduce inflammation, we have to start living more naturally. We need to reduce the inflammation in our environments. We need to put ourselves against a natural backdrop–go for a soothing walk in nature at least once a week.
We need to eat natural foods. Eat meats, natural sustainably raised and regeneratively farmed animal products, fruits and vegetables. Cook your own grains and legumes (i.e.: process your food yourself). Avoid random ingredients (take a look at your oat and almond milk–what’s in the ingredients list? Can you pronounce all the ingredients in those foods? Can you guess what plant or animal each of those ingredients came from? Have you ever seen a carageenan tree?).
Moving to a more natural diet can be hard. Sometimes results are felt immediately. Sometimes our partners notice a change in us before we notice in ourselves (“Hon, every time you have gluten and sugar, don’t you notice you’re snappier the next day, or are more likely to have a meltdown?”).
It often takes making a plan–grocery shopping, making a list of foods you’re going to eat and maybe foods you’re not going to eat, coming up with some recipes, developing a few systems for rushed nights and take-out and snacks–and patience.
Often we don’t feel better right away–it takes inflammation a while to resolve and it takes the gut time to heal. I notice that a lot of my patients are addicted to certain chemicals or ingredients in processed foods and, particularly if they’re suffering from the pain of gut inflammation, it can tempting to go back to the chemicals before that helped numb the pain and delivered the dopamine hit of pleasure that comes from dealing with an addiction. It might help to remember your why. Stick it on the fridge beside your smoothie recipe.
We need to sleep, and experience darkness. If you can’t get your bedroom 100%-can’t see you hand in front of your face-dark, then use an eye mask when sleeping. Give your body enough time for sleep. Less than 7 hours isn’t enough.
We need to move in all sorts of ways. Dance. Walk. Swim. Move in 3D. Do yoga to experience the full range of motion of your joints. Practice a sport that requires your body and mind, that challenges your skills and coordination. Learn balance both in your body and in your mind.
We need to manage our emotional life. Feeling our emotions, paying attention to the body sensations that arise in our bodies—what does hunger feel like? What does the need for a bowel movement feel like? How does thirst arise in your body? Can you recognize those feelings? What about your emotions? What sensations does anger produce? Can you feel anxiety building? What do you do with these emotions once they arise? Are you afraid of them? Do you try to push them back down? Do you let them arise and “meet them at the door laughing” as Rumi says in his poem The Guest House?
Journalling, meditation, mindfulness, hypnosis, breath-work, art, therapy, etc. can all be helpful tools for understanding the emotional life and understanding the role chronic stress (and how it arises, builds, and falls in the body) and toxic thoughts play in perpetuating inflammation.
Detox. No, I don’t mean go on some weird cleanse or drinks teas that keep you on the toilet all day. What I mean is: remove the gunk and clutter from your physical, mental, spiritual, and emotional plumbing. This might look like taking a tech break. Or going off into the woods for a weekend. Eating animals and plants for a couple of months, cutting out alcohol, or coffee or processed foods for a time.
It might involve cleaning your house with vinegar and detergents that are mostly natural ingredients, dumping the fragrances from your cosmetics and cleaning products, storing food in steel and glass, rather than plastic. It might mean a beach clean-up. Or a purging of your closet–sometimes cleaning up the chaos in our living environments is the needed thing for reducing inflammation. It’s likely why Marie Kondo-ing and the Minimalist Movement gained so much popularity–our stuff can add extra gunk to our mental, emotional, and spiritual lives.
Finally, connect with your community. Loneliness is inflammatory. And this past year and a half have been very difficult, particularly for those of you who live alone, who are in transition, who aren’t in the place you’d like to be, or with the person or people you’d like to be–your soul family.
It takes work to find a soul family. I think the first steps are to connect and attune to oneself, to truly understand who you are and move toward that and in that way people can slowly trickle in.
We often need to take care of ourselves first, thereby establishing the boundaries and self-awareness needed to call in the people who will respect and inspire us the most. It’s about self-worth. How do you treat yourself as someone worthy of love and belonging?
Perhaps it first comes with removing the sources of inflammation from our lives, so we can address the deeper layers of our feelings and body sensations and relieve the foggy heaviness and depression and toxic thoughts that might keep us feeling stuck.
Once we clear up our minds and bodies, and cool the fires of inflammation, we start to see better—the fog lifts. We start to think more clearly. We know who we are. Our cravings subside. We can begin to process our shame, anger and sadness.
We start to crave nourishing things: the walk in nature, the quiet afternoon writing poetry, the phone call with a friend, the stewed apples with cinnamon (real sweetness). We free up our dopamine receptors for wholesome endeavours. We start to move in the direction of our own authenticity. I think this process naturally attracts people to us. And naturally attracts us to the people who have the capacity to love and accept us the way we deserve.
Once we start to build community, especially an anti-inflammatory community—you know, a non-toxic, nourishing, wholesome group of people who make your soul sing, the path becomes easier.
You see, when you are surrounded by people who live life the way you do–with a respect for nature, of which our bodies are apart–who prioritize sleep, natural nutrition, mental health, movement, emotional expression, and self-exploration, it becomes more natural to do these things. It no longer becomes a program or a plan, or a process you’re in. It becomes a way of life–why would anyone do it any other way?
The best way to overcome the toxicity of a sick society is to create a parallel one.
When you’re surrounded by people who share your values. You no longer need to spend as much energy fighting cravings, going against the grain, or succumbing to self-sabotage, feeling isolated if your stray from the herb and eat vegetables and go to sleep early.
You are part of a culture now. A culture in which caring for yourself and living according to your nature is, well… normal and natural.
There’s nothing to push against or detox from. You can simply rest in healing, because healing is the most natural thing there is.
Gorf is a man of his age, which, in his case, happens to be the Stone Age.
Yes, Gorf is a caveman.
And, perplexingly, Gorf suffers from insomnia.
Gorf wakes up sluggish, long after the sun has risen, wishing he had a snooze button to smash.
He struggles through the day, exhausted. In the early afternoon, he sucks glycogen from the raw meat of a fresh kill to get an extra blood sugar boost.
Gorf prays for someone to discover coffee and refined sugars so that he can join the ranks of modern zombies getting through their 3 pm slumps with artificial pick-me-ups.
When the sun sets, Gorf feels depleted, but also restless and wired. He frustratedly tosses on his bed of mammoth skins beside the dying embers of his campfire while his family snoozes on.
Wide awake at 2 am, Gorf knows that the next morning he’ll begin the cycle again, his body completely out of sync with the Earth’s rhythms. Such is the cursed life of a Prehistoric Insomniac.
If this story seems preposterous, it’s because it probably is. Whatever we imagine prehistoric humans to be, insomniacs is not high on the list.
Those of us who have spent a night outside—whether it was a weekend camping trip or longer—might remember how deeply we slept under the darkness of the starry night sky and how refreshed we woke when the sun began to warm our faces in the early morning.
The closer we get to nature, the better our bodies seem to align with the Earth’s light and dark rhythms.
Now, if we took poor Gorf, dressed him in a suit, and dumped him in a desk chair in an office building in any major modern city, we might believe his claim to insomnia.
Now that Gorf is one of us, his eyes are exposed to bright lights at night as he slogs away at his computer, answering emails, or surfing social media pages into the late hours.
During the day, Gorf now spends his time indoors, where light exposure is 400 times less than that of a bright sunny day.
On bright days when he has a chance to get outside, Gorf protects his fragile eyes with dark glasses.
Welcome to the modern industrial lifestyle, Gorf. Don’t forget to help yourself to the coffee and cookies.
Our Body’s Circadian Rhythms
Our body runs on a 24 hour clock, which is orchestrated by an area in the hypothalamus of the brain called the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (which we will refer to as “the SCN” from now on).
Our organs, body tissues and cellular processes, from our digestive function, hormones, mood, body temperature, metabolism, sleepiness and wakefulness, cellular repair, to detoxification, among others, have different objectives for certain times of day. The SCN coordinates these functions with the Earth’s daily cycles.
The SCN runs without the aid of outside influence, however several zeitgebers, German for “time givers”, or environmental cues, tell our internal clock what time of day it is to sync our internal and external worlds. The most important zeitgeber is light, which directly activates the SCN through a pathway that connects the retina in our eyes to the hypothalamus (the retinohypothalamic tract).
In our bodies, timing is everything. The more we are able to sync our cycles with the environment, the better our body organs function. Working against circadian rhythms by engaging in activities like sleeping and eating at the wrong time of day can negatively affect our health, decrease our lifespan, and make us miserable (like poor, sad Gorf in his dimly lit office).
The digestive system, for example, is wired to break down, absorb and convert food energy into fuel during the day and repair and regenerate itself at night.
At night, the pineal gland, located in the brain, releases melatonin, a hormone produced in the absence of light, to help us sleep. However, exposure to bright lights before bed can impede the natural release of melatonin, preventing restful sleep.
Science shows that healthy circadian rhythms equal optimal metabolic health, cognitive function, weight, energy levels, cardiovascular health, immune function, digestive health, coordination and mental health. Regulating our circadian rhythms can increase our health-span.
Our Liver, Muscles and Adrenal Glands Also Have Clocks
While the SCN is the chief executive officer of the circadian cycle, other organs, such as the liver, muscle and adrenal glands, help regulate our body’s rhythms through peripheral clocks.
These clocks register cues from the environment and report back to the SCN.In turn, the SCN tells the organs what jobs they are supposed to be performing according to the time of day.
Dr. Satchin Panda, PhD, a researcher at the Salk Institute, is discovering how important our eating times are for setting our circadian clock.
The first bite of our breakfast tells our liver clock to start making the enzymes and hormones necessary to digest our food, regulate our metabolism, and use the food we eat throughout the day to fuel our cells.
A few hours later, our digestive system requires relief from food intake to invest its resources into repair rather than spending precious resources on digesting food.
Dr. Panda found that restricting a “feeding window” to 8 to 12 hours in mice and human participants (for example, eating breakfast at 7 am and finishing dinner no later than 7 pm), allowed the system to digest optimally, left time for the system to repair itself at night, and also acted as a powerful circadian regulator.
New research suggests that food is a potent zeitgeber, which has the power to regulate our circadian rhythms. This suggests that eating at the right time of day can heal our adrenal glands and sleep cycles.
Fasting for 10 to 16 hours at night, or “Time Restricted Eating”, helps optimize health and increase lifespan in mice. In human participants, it improves sleep and results in modest weight loss.
According to Dr. Panda, we become more insulin resistant at night, which means that late-night snacking makes us more likely to store the calories we consume as fat.
Consuming calories in a state of insulin resistance can also predispose use to metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes.
In addition to light and food intake, rest and movement are important zeitgebers. Therefore, engaging in these activities at the right time of day has the potential to promote physical and mental health.
Circadian Rhythms and the Stress Response are Tightly Connected.
If the internet is any indicator, it seems that everyone is suffering from the modern illness of “adrenal fatigue”, or HPA (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal) axis dysfunction
Because of the stress of our modern lifestyles, our adrenal glands and brains are no longer able to regulate the stress response.
This leads to a host of symptoms that wreck havoc on the entire body: fatigue, anxiety, sugar cravings, and insomnia. It also negatively impacts digestion, hormone production, and mood.
Our adrenal glands make cortisol, the “stress hormone”, a hormone involved in long-term stress adaptation but also in wakefulness, motivation, reward, and memory.
Deficiencies in cortisol signalling can result in issues with inflammation and depression. Too much cortisol floating around in the body can cause weight gain, cardiovascular issues, such as hypertension, and metabolic syndrome.
Cortisol has a circadian rhythm of its own. Our cortisol levels rise within an hour of waking; 50% of the total cortisol for the day is released in the first 30 minutes after we open our eyes. This rise in cortisol wakes us up. It allows us to perform our daily activities in a state of alert wakefulness.
Cortisol levels decline steadily throughout the day, dipping in the evening when melatonin rises.
A flattened or delayed rise in morning cortisol results in grogginess, brain fog and altered HPA axis function throughout the day. Elevated cortisol in the evening cause us to feel “tired and wired” and affect sleep. Waking at night, especially in the early morning between 2 and 4 am can be due to cortisol spikes.
Our adrenal glands help regulate our circadian rhythms through the production of cortisol. Both the adrenals and the SCN communicate with each other as early as 2 in the morning to ready the system to generate the waking response a few hours later.
Psychiatrist Dr. Charles Raison, MD says, “The most stressful thing you do most days is get up in the morning. Your body prepares for it for a couple of hours [before waking by activating] the stress system. The reason more people die at dawn [than any other time] is because it’s really rough to get up.”
Waking up is a literal stress on the body.
However, we need the stress response to get through our day effectively and healthy HPA axis function and optimal mood and energy are a result of properly functioning circadian rhythms.
Without these rhythms functioning properly we feel tired, groggy, tense, and depressed. Like Gorf, we need sugar and caffeine to help us through the day.
Circadian Rhythms Affect Our Mental Health
In nearly everyone I work with who suffers from anxiety, depression, or other mental health disorders, I see disrupted circadian rhythms and HPA axises.
Many of my patients feel exhausted during the day and wired at night. They have trouble getting up in the morning (or stay in bed all day) and postpone their bedtime. Most of them skip breakfast due to lack of hunger, and crave sweets after dinner, which further throws off the circadian cycle.
Lack of sleep can disrupt circadian rhythms leading to obesity, depression, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Even two nights of shortened sleep can affect cortisol production and the HPA axis, worsening mood and energy levels.
Depression severity on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) falls by 6 full points when sleep is restored, which is enough to bring a patient from moderate/severe depression to mild. In comparison, the standard medication SSRIs, like cipralex, only drop the HDRS by 2.
Bipolar disorder is particularly affected by a misaligned circadian clock. In an interview, Dr. Raison claims that a single night of missed sleep has brought on episodes of mania in his bipolar patients. Their moods level once the sleep cycle is restored.
Our mood is tightly connected to our circadian rhythms and sleep.
Circadian Rhythms and Chinese Medicine
Thousands of years ago, the Chinese developed the Theory of Yin and Yang to describe the dynamics nature, including the cycles of night and day.
Yin and yang (symbolized by a black-and-white circle with dots) represent the process of change and transformation of everything in the universe.
Yang, represented by the white part of the circle, is present in things that are hot, light, awake, moving, exciting, changing, transforming and restless.
Yin is present in material that is cold, dark, soft, inhibited, slow, restful, conversative, and sustaining.
Yin and yang are dependent on each other. Yin feeds into yang, while yang feeds and transforms into yin. Everything in nature consists of a fluctuating combination of these two states.
The circadian cycle transforms the yin night into the yang of daytime.
Yang zeitgebers such as food, light, and physical and mental activity, help stimulate yang in the body, which helps us feel energized, light and motivated.
Before bed, yin zeitgebers like darkness, rest and relaxation help our bodies transition into the yin of night, so that we can sleep restfully.
Lack of sleep and relaxation can deplete our body’s yin energy, causing yin deficiency. Individuals with yin deficiency feel fatigued, anxious, and hot, experiencing night sweats, hot flashes, and flushed skin. Conventionally, yin deficiency can look like burnout compounded by anxiety, or peri-menopause.
Out-of-sync circadian rhythms can result in yang deficiency resulting in morning grogginess, an insufficient rise in morning cortisol, and a failure to activate yang energy throughout the day.
Yang deficiency is characterized by the build-up of phlegm in the body, leading to weight gain, feelings of sluggishness, slow digestion, bloating, weakness, and feeling foggy, pale and cold. Yang deficiency symptoms can look like depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, IBS, estrogen dominance, hypothyroidism, or obesity and metabolic syndrome.
In Chinese medicine, the organs have specific times of activity as well.
The stomach is most active from 7 to 9 am, when we eat our breakfast, the most important meal of the day according to Traditional Chinese doctors. The spleen (which in Traditional Chinese Medicine operates much like the Western pancreas) is active from 9 to 11 am, converting the food energy from breakfast into energy that can be utilized by the body.
According to the Chinese organ clock, the liver is active from 1 to 3 am. Individuals with chronic stress, insomnia and irritability, sometimes called “Liver Qi Stagnation”, frequently wake up restless during those early morning hours.
Entraining our circadian clock with environmental cues can help us remain vital by balancing the flow and transformation of yin and yang energies in the body.
Healing the Circadian Clock:
When I work with patients with depression, anxiety and other mental health conditions, or hormonal conditions such as HPA axis dysfunction, one of our goals is to heal circadian rhythms.
This involves coordinating our internal rhythms with the Earth’s night and dark cycle by setting up a series of routines that expose the body to specific zeitgebers at certain times of day.
How to Heal Your Circadian Rhythms
Morning Activities: Increasing Yang with movement, light and food:
1. Expose your eyes to bright light between the hours of 6 and 8 am. This stimulates the SCN and the adrenal glands to produce cortisol, which boosts mood, energy and wakefulness in the morning and can help reset the HPA axis.
2. Have a large breakfast high in protein and fat within an hour of waking. The intake of a meal that contains all of the macronutrients wakes up the liver clock. This activates our metabolism, digestive function, blood sugar regulation, and HPA axis.
Consider eating 3 eggs, spinach and an avocado in the morning. Or consume a smoothie with avocado, MCT oil, protein powder, berries and leafy greens.
Eating a breakfast that contains at least 20 grams of protein and a generous serving of fat will help stabilize blood sugar and mood throughout the day while obliterating night-time sugar cravings.
3. Move a little in the morning. Morning movement doesn’t necessarily have to come in the form of exercise, however, it’s important to get up and start your routine, perhaps making breakfast and tidying, or having an alternate hot and cold shower (1 minute hot bursts alternating with 30 seconds cold for 3 to 5 cycles).
Muscle movement triggers another important peripheral clock that helps entrain our circadian cycle with the day.
4. Turn on lights in the morning, especially in the winter time. Spend time outside during the day, and avoid using sunglasses unless absolutely necessary so that light can stimulate the SCN. Consider investing in a sunlamp for the winter, particularly if you suffer from seasonal affective disorder.
5. Consume most of your supplements in the morning, with breakfast. Taking adaptogens (herbs that help reset the HPA axis) and B vitamins can help promote daytime energy and rebalance our morning cortisol levels. This, of course, depends on why you’re naturopathic doctor has recommended specific supplements, so be sure to discuss supplement timing with her first.
Night Routine: Increasing Yin with dark and stillness:
1. Maintain a consistent sleep and wake time, even on the weekends. Retraining the cycles starts with creating a consistent routine to get your sleep cycle back on track.
2. Try to get to bed before 11pm. This allows the body to reach the deepest wave of sleep around 2 am. It also allows for 7 to 8 hours of continuous sleep when you expose your eyes to bright lights at 6 to 8 am, when cortisol naturally rises. Of course, this sleep routine will vary depending on personal preferences, lifestyles and genetics.
It’s important to first establish a routine that will allow you to get at least 6 hours of continuous sleep a night. If you suffer from chronic insomnia, working with a naturopathic doctor can help you reset your circadian cycle using techniques like Sleep Restriction Therapy to get your body back on track.
3. Avoid electronic use at least an hour before bed. Our smartphones, tablets, computers and TVs emit powerful blue light that activates our SCN, confusing all of our body’s clocks. Blue light also suppresses melatonin release, making us feel restless and unable to fall asleep.
For those of you who must absolutely be on electronics in the late hours of the evening, consider investing in blue light-blocking glasses, or installing an app that block blue light, such as F.lux, on your devices. These solutions are not as effective as simply turning off electronics and switching to more relaxing bedtime activities, but can be a significant form of harm reduction.
4. Fast for at least 2 to 3 hours before bed. Avoid late-night snacking to give the body a chance to rest and to signal to the peripheral digestive clocks, such as the liver clock, that it’s now time to rest and repair, rather than digestive and assimilate more food.
Avoiding food, especially carbohydrate-rich food, at night can also manage blood sugar. A drop in blood sugar is often a reason why people wake in the early hours of the morning, as blood sugar drops spike cortisol, which wake us up and off-set our entire circadian system.
5. Engage in relaxing activities in dim lighting. Turn off powerful overhead lights, perhaps lighting candles or dim reading lights, and engage in at least 30 minutes of an activity that feels restorative and relaxing to you. This might include taking an epsom salt bath, reading a book while enjoying an herbal tea, doing yoga or meditation, or cuddling with a partner.
Taking this time helps us step out of the busyness of the day and signals to the body and its clocks that it’s time to sleep.
6. Take nighttime supplements before bed. I often recommend sleep-promoting supplements like prolonged-release melatonin (which is a powerful circadian rhythm and HPA axis resetter), magnesium or phosphatidylserine, before bed to help my patients’ bodies entrain to the time of day. Talk to your ND about what supplements might be right for you.
If you suffer from chronic stress and mood disorders, do shift work, or are dealing with jet lag, you may need to engage in these routines diligently for a few months to get your circadian cycles back on track.
These practices can also be beneficial at certain times of year: daylight savings time, periods of stress and heightened mental work, and the transition of seasons, especially early Spring and Fall.
Finally, consider working with a naturopathic doctor to obtain and individual plan that can help you reset your body’s rhythms.
Is your multivitamin or B-complex making you sick?
Take a look at the label on your multivitamin or B-complex and see if it contains “folic acid”.
Folic acid is often used interchangeably with “folate”, which is a vitamin needed for DNA synthesis and repair.
Every time our bodies make new cells (which is all the time), we need folate to move that process along.
Because very few of us North Americans get enough folate from leafy greens, folic acid, a synthetic precursor to folate, has been added to grain products, to “fortify” them.
Folate deficiency in pregnant women can lead to neural tube defects. Therefore making sure that your body has enough folate, especially if you’re pregnant or planning to conceive, is essential.
However, folic acid, the synthetic vitamin is NOT the same as the folate (look at the bottom of the chart below, another word for folate is 5-methyltetrahydrafolate, or 5-MTHF) that our bodies use for cell division and DNA synthesis.
As you can see by the picture, folic acid needs to go through several stages of transformation before it can be of any use to the body.
All of us are really poor at converting folic acid to DHF (first step in the pathway). This step is faster in rats. In humans, it’s abysmally slow.
This means we take folic acid from supplements and fortified grains and slowly pass it through the narrow DHFR sieve that all of us are born with. This slowly transforms our synthetic folic acid into DHF.
The same DHFR enzyme must take DHF and turn it into THF. Two steps: folic acid –> DHF –> THF. So far, none of these products is useful.
3 steps and 2 enzymes later, our body makes a product called 5,10 methylene THF, or folinic acid, which can be used for DNA repair and synthesis.
After that, an enzyme called MTHFR turns folinic acid into folate (5-MTHF). And yes, MTHFR does remind you of the word you’re thinking of!
About 40-60% of us are poor at the last step, making 5-MTHF, which results from a slow or completely impaired MTHFR gene which has trouble producing a fully functioning MTHFR enzyme.
Slow enzymes mean very few of us are going to take the folic acid from foods and cheap vitamins, and turn them into methylfolate.
Methylfolate (remember, NOT folic acid), is needed for important chemical reactions called “methylation” reactions.
Methylation is needed for with detoxification, liver function, managing inflammation, hormone production and recycling, and producing neurotransmitters. Research is establishing a connection between MTHFR gene mutations and mental health conditions, autoimmune conditions and heart disease, among other common health complaints.
Folic acid, when added to supplements isn’t just useless, however.
When it can’t be broken down (and remember, all of us are slow at the first stop, some of us just plain can’t perform the last step), it builds up in tissues, and can block ACTUAL methylfolate action.
It can also trigger inflammatory reactions.
Not good.
Most multivitamin and B complex brands at health food stores contain cheaper forms of B vitamins. Companies use folic acid and a cheaper, synthetic form of B12, called cyanocoblamin, when making products to cut costs.
This doesn’t mean you have to shell out a lot of cash for quality B complex vitamins, it just means you need to be smart about the B-complexes you buy.
B-complex vitamins can be useful for those who experience inflammation, hormone imbalances and chronic stress. We tend to use more B-vitamins, which are water-soluble, when stressed, and when on certain medications, such as birth control pills. Supplementing in these cases can be extremely helpful for boosting energy and mood, while lowering symptoms of PMS and inflammation, among other things.
Most of the patients who come into my office already on a B complex are on a form that contains folic acid. At best, their body is working harder than needed to convert this synthetic vitamin into something useful. At worst, this product may be causing them harm.
The first thing you can do, is check your multivitamins and B-complex products and see if they contain “folic acid” or “cyanocobalamin”. If so, you can toss them.
You can also consider getting tested to see if you have an MTHFR mutation. Keep in mind that naturopathic doctors who are registered in Ontario, Canada cannot recommend or interpret genetic testing.
Next, you can reassess your diet. Folic acid is also added to enriched grains. Those who are particularly sensitive to folic acid, may experience a worsening of inflammatory symptoms and mental health issues when consuming high amounts of these foods.
Also, eat plenty of leafy green vegetables, which DO provide your body with a useable form of folate, among their many other health benefits.
Finally, if you’re considering getting pregnant, have a naturopathic doctor assess your prenatal vitamins to tell you if the form of folate you’re taking is appropriate for you.
I have been a vegan for 6 years. I also suffer from mental health conditions and possible hormonal imbalances. After doing some research on diets for anxiety and depression, I found that most of them include meat and animal products. I’m wondering: can my vegan diet be harming my mental health? I am primarily a vegan for ethical reasons and would hate to have to harm animals unless you think it’s absolutely necessary for promoting my mental health and wellness.”
Nutrition, especially where it pertains to more emotionally-charged topics like human health, the environment, or animal welfare, is surprisingly controversial.
I know that broaching this subject is a little bit like walking into a lion’s den (lions, for the record, are not vegans), therefore let me preface this conversation with a few disclaimers.
In writing about veganism and mental health, I’m not looking to get into a debate. I am writing to provide information for those who are wondering if it is possible to heal mental health and hormonal conditions, including women’s health conditions, thyroid conditions and adrenal conditions, while following an entirely plant-based diet.
If you feel that you might be triggered by this information and are not willing to approach this essay with an open mind, then this article is not for you.
Let me point out that I fully understand and sympathize with the ethical arguments for veganism. In my 20’s I was vegetarian for five years. For one of those years I was a vegan. Contrary to what some die-hard vegan fans have suggested, I did follow the diet “right” by eating whole foods, balancing the macronutrients of my meals (as best I could), and striving to eat enough. I eventually had to stop, but it was not because I “missed meat”.
While following a vegetarian diet, I took comfort in the fact that no animal had to die for me to survive. I loved the taste of plant-based foods and the ease of preparing them. I was satisfied in knowing that my diet was having a minimal impact on the environment.
(I also enjoyed bathing in the feelings of moral superiority that this diet earned me. However, that’s besides the point.)
Around that time, I read The Ethics of What We Eat by Peter Singer, which remains the single most thought-provoking book on human nutrition that I have read to this day (and I have read mountains of books on human nutrition).
In no way do I advocate for factory farming practices. I urge omnivores to consume the most ethically sourced meat, fish, eggs, and dairy that they can afford. Not only is sustainable animal farming better for animal welfare and for the environment, it is better for human health.
I don’t push for any single one-size-fits-all diet. I believe that an individual determines his or her “perfect” diet through experience. I carefully approach conversations about diet with my patients to avoid shaming their eating habits and pressuring them into a diet that they feel uncomfortable with.
That being said, it is my duty as a doctor to provide my patients with all the information they need to make empowered choices by drawing on the 15 years I have spent studying nutrition through formal education, and personal and clinical experience.
While it may certainly be possible to survive and, perhaps even thrive (depending on your genetics, most likely), on a vegan or vegetarian diet, there are major limitations to this diet that we need to face if we’re committed to supporting optimal mental and hormonal health.
The intention of this essay is to outline some of these limitations.
Protein quality and quantity:
Protein makes up 16% of the human body (62% is water). It is required for body structure: our bones, muscles, connective tissues, skin and hair.
Amino acids, which make up protein, comprise the hormones and neurotransmitters that regulate our mood and gene signalling.
Tryptophan, an amino acid, is used to make serotonin and melatonin, hormones that enable use to regulate our feelings of well-being and circadian rhythms, respectively. Cysteine is used to make glutathione, the main antioxidant of the body that neutralizes cancer-causing free radicals, prevents damage to our DNA, and protects us from the incessant chemical onslaught of our increasingly toxic lives. Glycine and GABA calm the nervous system, prevent over-activation of our brains’ fear centres, and soothe anxiety. Glutamine stimulates the nervous system and fuels our gut and kidney cells, allowing us to absorb the nutrients from our food and filter waste from our bodies.
The human body is essentially a protein sac filled with water that hums with the metabolic activity orchestrated by tens of thousands of enzymes, which are also protein.
When it comes to dietary proteins, not all are created equal. Foods that claim the title “complete proteins” boast all 9 essential amino acids that are not synthesized by the body and must be obtained exclusively from diet. Many vegetarian sources of protein are not complete proteins, and therefore protein-combining must be practiced to avoid deficiency in specific amino acids
Proteins also differ in their absorbability. Some vegan foods rich in protein contain anti-nutrients or fibres that make them difficult to digest. For example, the protein digestibility of whey (from dairy) or egg is 100%, meaning that 100% of the protein from these foods is absorbed. In contrast, only 75% of the protein in black beans is absorbed. Even more dismally, those who hope to get a significant source of their protein from the peanut butter on their morning toast are only absorbing about 52% of it.
The Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for protein is 0.8 g per kg of body weight for the average person. However, when it comes to supporting optimal health, the RDAs of important nutrients are set notoriously low. In my opinion, even higher nutrients are required for those with chronic health conditions such as mental health issues, chronic stress, hormonal imbalances, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and autoimmune disease, to name a few.
For my patients I tend to recommend between 1.0 to 1.2 g of protein per kg of body weight per day. For those who are particularly active, who need to lose weight, and who are obtaining their protein from lower-absorbable sources, I may even recommend higher amounts. For women with conditions like PCOS, depression, and anxiety, I often recommend at least 30 g of protein per meal, especially at breakfast, to balance blood sugar, fuel neurotransmitter synthesis, sustain energy throughout the day, and promote optimal adrenal function. I believe the RDA for protein to prevent muscle wasting is set far too low. This is especially true if the protein sources are difficult to digest and of lower quality.
But what about claims that high protein diets can be detrimental to our kidney health? A one-year crossover study showed that active men who consumed very high amounts of protein—over 3 g of protein per kg of body weight—suffered no ill effects.
Getting adequate protein is difficult on a vegan diet but not impossible. Tracking your macronutrients and considering supplementing with a high-quality protein powder, may be required.
Understanding exactly how much protein your diet delivers is essential. For instance, while quinoa is a complete protein, containing all 9 essential amino acids, it only contains 8 g of protein per cup. One cup of black beans contains 39 g of protein but only 29 g are absorbed.
Furthermore, for conditions like PCOS that require managing carbohydrate intake, getting the protein without the additional carbs can be a challenge. Legumes typically contain a 3:1 ratio of carbs to protein—one cup of black beans contains 116 g of carbohydrates. This is often too high for the many women suffering from the mental health and hormonal issues that I treat in my practice, who often feel best when keeping their dietary carbohydrate intake well under 150 g a day.
Autoimmunity:
Chronic inflammation runs rampant in the bodies of many of my patients. More research is coming out showing that inflammation is at the root of most chronic health complaints, such as mental health conditions like depression and bipolar disorder, and hormonal conditions like PCOS and endometriosis. Cardiovascular disease and diabetes are recently thought to begin as autoimmune diseases, spurred on by chronic inflammation.
To manage conditions of autoimmunity and chronic inflammation, it is often appropriate to follow an “anti-inflammatory” diet that is low in allergenic potential.
For patients with hormonal issues, autoimmunity, gut issues, and mental health conditions (which research shows are inflammatory conditions are their root), reducing the diet down to leafy green vegetables, chicken, beef and fish can aid in lowering inflammation, healing the gut and restoring immune function. After a time, foods are slowly reintroduced, to find out what the body can tolerate.
Grains and legumes contain anti-nutrients like lectins and phytates that protect plants from being ingested and destroyed. Along with other common allergenic foods like dairy and eggs, grains and legumes, with their anti-nutrient content, have a high potential for irritating the digestive tract, causing gastrointestinal inflammation and immune system activation, leading to chronic inflammation that permeates the entire body.
The higher protein content in legumes like peas, black beans, lentils, and soy, and grains like wheat and corn, makes these foods staples in plant-based diets. Therefore, even attempting an anti-inflammatory elimination diet as a vegan is virtually impossible. Vegetarian diets are hardly better, as vegetarians often rely on dairy and eggs to balance their diet, both of which are common food sensitivities that can trigger autoimmunity and inflammation.
Vegan studies:
Doesn’t following a plant-based diet confer amazing health benefits, though?
While many studies of vegan and vegetarian diets show benefit for improving markers of various metabolic conditions, like diabetes and cardiovascular disease, it is important to keep in mind that most of these publications are comparing a diet rich in whole grains, vegetables, fruit, nuts and seeds with the Standard American Diet, with its grain-fed, hormone-pumped animal byproducts deep-fried in rancid corn oil.
Therefore, it makes sense that adding a few servings of micronutrient-containing fruits and vegetables to your daily nutritional intake will radically alter your health status. When I first began my foray into the world of plant-based living I felt amazing too. After a few months, though, the health benefits slowly faltered and I started to suffer negative health consequences: weight gain, fatigue, depression, hypothyroidism, IBS, and various nutrient deficiencies.
My health improved when I added some animal products to my vegetarian diet and removed dairy, grains and legumes. However, my experience is a mere anecdote.
To my knowledge there hasn’t been a study comparing a whole foods-based diet that includes ethically-sourced animal products with a whole foods vegan diet. I would be very interested in seeing such a study if it is ever conducted.
Individual variability:
Rich Roll, a vegan super-athlete, is often dredged up as an example of how the human body can thrive on a plant-based diet. However, more than his diet, Rich’s individual genetics may have more to do with his success as an athlete (and his training, clearly).
Even after 8 years of returning to omnivorous living with occasional iron and desiccated liver supplementation, my ferritin level (a measure of iron status) still only hovers around 44 (80 is considered optimal).
My constitution is that of Parasympathetic Dominance. This means I look at a piece of toast and gain 10 lbs. I tend to suffer from congestive lymphatic conditions and a sluggish metabolism. I tend to have low energy unless I constantly stoke my metabolic furnace. When stressed, I tend to gain weight and slip into lethargic depression. If not taking care of myself, I get headaches and suffer from hormonal imbalances.
Like other parasympathetic doms, I tend to have a higher requirement for dietary iron and crave red meat and leafy green vegetables. I seem to do better with a diet higher in protein and healthy fats.
Many of the people I work with fit this profile as well. My patients are highly creative and intuitive, but also suffer from mental health and hormonal conditions and are very susceptible to stress. I find that most do better through moderating their carbohydrate intake, ensuring high micronutrient and healthy fat consumption, and eating more protein, particularly from some red meat.
New research into MTHFR genes reveals that certain diets may have more health benefits for certain individuals. About 40-60% of North Americans are unable to convert folic acid (a synthetic nutrient added to multivitamins and fortified grains) into methylfolate, which is used for a chemical process called “methylation”.
Methylation pathways are involved in the fight-or-flight response; the production and recycling of glutathione (the body’s master antioxidant); the detoxification of hormones, chemicals and heavy metals through the liver; genetic expression and DNA repair; neurotransmitter synthesis; cellular energy production; the repair of cells damaged by free radicals; balancing inflammation through the immune response, controlling T-cell production, and fighting infections, to name a few.
Individuals with impaired MTHFR function often suffer from autoimmune conditions and mental health conditions, such as depression. They tend to feel better when avoiding grains that contain folic acid and eating green leafy vegetables that contain methylfolate. They require higher amounts of protein in their diet. They require higher levels of vitamin B12, which is also important for methylation, and choline, found in eggs and liver, which helps bypass methylfolate pathways, working as an alternative methyl donor. Choline is also necessary for estrogen metabolism.
Nutrients Deficiencies:
You thought I would lead with this, didn’t you? I’ll bet you were wondering when this would come up:
B12:
Of course it’s no secret that the vegan diet is essentially devoid of vitamin B12, an important nutrient for detoxification, methylation, neurotransmitter synthesis and energy metabolism. Animal sources are the only sources of B12. Our gut bacteria can make B12, but how much is absorbed in the colon for the body’s use is not clear.
B12 deficiency is serious. A friend of a friend of mine (no, but really) suffered permanent neurological damage, leading to seizures and almost death, from B12 deficiency. The neurological damage caused by B12 deficiency is irreversible (I’ve had patients who experience some improvement with restoring B12 levels, but it can take some time and the progress is not always linear).
B12 deficiency can have serious neuropsychiatric symptoms that mimic severe bipolar disorder or schizophrenia and that resolve once B12 injections are given. Horrific case reports tell stories of B12-deficient patients treated with rounds of electric shocks for their “treatment-resistant” psychosis, before the true cause of their symptoms was uncovered.
The blood reference range for B12 is roughly 130-500 pmol/L but I find that people don’t feel their best until their levels are over 600, and many experience severe B12 deficiency symptoms under 300. This means that if your doctor tells you that “your blood levels are normal,” your body could still be operating at a sub-optimal level of B12.
For vegans, supplementing with a good, absorbable form of B12 is non-negotiable. B12 from vegetarian sources, such as dairy products, is damaged in the pasteurization process and therefore supplementation may still be required.
Other nutrients:
B12 aside, other nutrients that are commonly deficient in vegan diets are iron, zinc, iodine, EPA and DHA, choline, vitamin A and vitamin D, to name a few.
Zinc is essential for immune function, skin health, neurogenesis (making new brain cells), memory and cognition, gut integrity, neurotransmitter synthesis, and hormonal health, among other essential functions.
Iodine is required for thyroid and ovarian function. It is also important for estrogen detoxification.
Iron is important for supplying tissues with oxygen, optimal thyroid function, and fertility. Menstruating women are commonly operating at a sub-optimal level of iron, resulting in fatigue, dry skin, chronic infections, and heavy periods.
Vitamin D regulates over 1000 different genes in the body. Supplementing with D3 is required for the 70-90% of North Americans who are deficient. Sadly, vitamin D3 supplements are all animal sourced, obtained from the lanolin in sheep’s wool. D2 from mushrooms is a vegan form of vitamin D that is likely not as effective as animal-derived D3.
Vegans are 75% more deficient than omnivores in vitamin D, which is alarming, considering how deficient most North Americans are—that’s 1000 vegan genes that aren’t being properly regulated!
EPA and DHA, omega 3 fatty acids found in fish and algae, are essential for cell membranes and brain function. While DHA can be made from ALA, found in flax and walnuts, many of us are not effective at converting it. Even the best converters among us only synthesize about 18% of our ALA into DHA. Further, the conversion of ALA to DHA requires zinc and iron, two nutrients that are typically deficient in vegan diets.
Even for omnivorous patients with mental health conditions, supplementation of EPA is often required for therapeutic benefit. Vegan supplements of algae-derived EPA and DHA exist, however, many of the studies that show benefit for fish oil supplementation in depression, bipolar and OCD require that the EPA to DHA ratio be 3 to 1 or higher. This high EPA to DHA ratio is not available in algae-sourced supplements that I have seen, making it almost impossible to derive enough EPA from vegan sources.
That being said, it is possible to supplement with iron bisglcyinate, iodine, zinc picolinate and vitamin A, inject methylcobalamin weekly, chug algae oil by the jugful, and drip vitamin D2 drops on your tongue and hope for the best.
You can pray to the methylation gods that your MTHFR enzymes are all operating at top speed so that your body doesn’t need to depend on protein and choline-dependent pathways for its liver function and DNA repair.
You can dump Vega protein powder into your smoothies and hope that you don’t have a sensitivity to grains and legumes (vegan protein powders usually contain some combo of rice, soy, and pea). You can obsessively track your macronutrients on My Fitness Pal.
You might still be ok.
There are a few people, the Rich Rolls of the world, who will claim that they feel great on an entirely plant-based diet. They do all of the above-mentioned things and feel amazing and I’m happy to hear it! However, I wonder how these genetically gifted individuals would fare if following a nutritionally complete whole foods omnivorous diet that contains grass-fed chicken, fish, meat, gelatin, eggs and, perhaps, dairy, in addition to a variety of plant foods.
If just one important nutrient pathway that depends on iodine, zinc, vitamin D, iron, B12, EPA or DHA is working sub-optimally, if you’re suffering from a hormonal condition, a mental illness, an autoimmune disease, or a digestive issue, then it’s possible that, if you follow a vegan or vegetarian diet, you’ll never feel as well as you’re meant to.
In the words of a vegan-turned-omnivore friend of mine, when disclosing why she decided to start eating meat again:
“I still love the environment and animals, of course, but I just love myself more.”
In the past I used to suffer from “hanger”, feeling hungry and irritable if going more than a few hours without food. Now my body is adapted to fasting, going prolonged periods without food—and I feel all-the better for it.
When I was a kid, no one ever had to convince me to finish my dinner. Perpetually “hangry” (hungry and angry), I was the Tasmanian devil of snacking, vacuuming up whatever food substances crossed my path, leaving wrappers and crumbs in my wake. “Never get between Talia and her food,” my brother facetiously coined when, like a voracious bull, I would bully my way into the kitchen to fix myself an emergent after-school snack. From the moment I was born, it seems, going more than two hours without eating was a physical impossibility. “I’m sick with hunger,” I would complain whenever my blood sugar levels dipped.
Now I sit here writing this article, in my adult incarnation, comfortably having abstained from eating for more than 14 hours. Whereas before I couldn’t go more than 2 hours without some kind of sugary snack, my body is now adapted to thriving during prolonged periods without food—and I feel all-the better for it.
“Eat a snack every 2-3 hours to keep blood sugar stable and lose weight,” dieticians and nutritionists often advise . However, as we dig into the disease prevention, anti-aging and weight management research, we learn that there may be benefits to going without food for prolonged periods.
We humans spent much of our evolutionary history hunting and gathering with extended periods of food scarcity. Our bodies adapted to survive through, and perhaps even thrive and depend on, periodic fasts. We now live in a society that enjoys food abundance: with 24-hour convenience stores and fast food restaurants at our disposal, we rarely go hungry. This recent lifestyle change may contribute to the increase in the diseases of excess that afflict modern bodies.
Ancient healing systems like Ayurvedic medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine have long recognized the benefits of fasting for purifying and healing the body. Today, a body of research is accumulating that suggests that fasting may help treat diseases like multiple sclerosis and cancer, reduce the risk of chronic metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, battle dementia and cardiovascular disease, and reverse the effects of aging, helping us live longer.
What Happens During Fasting:
Human physiology fluctuates between two modes: the fasted and the fed state. After eating, a hormone called insulin rises in response to the intake of dietary carbohydrates and, to a lesser extent, protein. Insulin allows glucose to enter cells where it can be used for energy. Insulin encourages the storage of body fat and glycogen—a molecule stored in the muscles and liver that can be broken down quickly for energy. Insulin is an anabolic hormone that promotes tissue building and growth.
Our bodies are in the fed state, or postprandial state, for up to 4 hours following a meal, when blood sugar and insulin levels rise and the body begins to store food energy. 4-6 hours after eating, our bodies enter the post-absorptive state. Insulin and blood sugar levels fall, and blood sugar is maintained through the breakdown of liver and muscle glycogen. At the 10-12 hour mark post-meal, the body enters the fasting state. At this stage, glycogen stores have been depleted and blood glucose is maintained through a process called gluconeogenesis: glucose is created from fat, lactate and protein. In the fasting state, the body taps into fat stores to create ketone bodies, which are used for fuel.
Approximately 24-48 hours after a meal, the body enters a state called autophagy (or self-eating). The body breaks down old, damaged cells into their proteins and reuses them to build new cells or for fuel, through gluconeogenesis. Autophagy has gained the attention of researchers who recognize its benefits for managing inflammation, slowing the effects of aging, and treating various chronic diseases, such as autoimmune disease and cancer—more on this later!
Fasting to Treat Cancer:
Valter Longo, PhD, at the Longevity Institute at the University of Southern California, examined the effects of 2 to 4-day fasts on patients with cancer who were undergoing chemotherapy. The study found that several days of fasting improved the efficacy of chemotherapy, while reducing its side effects, protecting healthy, non-cancerous cells. Healthy cells responded to the periods of food restriction by shutting down, protecting them from the toxicity of the chemotherapy. Cancer cells don’t have such a response, leaving them susceptible to the chemotherapy. “Cancer cells are dumb cells,” says Dr. Longo.
The fasting period not only improved the effects of cancer treatments, it stimulated the regeneration of the immune system through the creation of progenitor stem cells. Fasting cleared out damaged immune cells and cancer cells through autophagy and new cells were regenerated upon re-feeding. Dr. Longo and his team found that up to 40% of the immune system is rebuilt in mice after a fasting and re-feeding cycle.
Fasting Mimicking Diets:
Recognizing the difficulty in going 3 days without food, Dr. Longo developed a 5-day “Fasting Mimicking Diet” that allows for the consumption of about 700-1000 calories per day in the form of small snacks. The Fasting Mimicking Diet is low enough in calories, protein and carbohydrates to mimic the physiological conditions and benefits of fasting like autophagy, ketone body production, beneficial stress response, and cancer cell starvation.
Mice given the Fasting Mimicking Diet (FMD) lost 30% of their body weight through the breakdown of body fat and clearing away of old, damaged cells. When the mice were re-fed, their blood, brain and bone cells were rebuilt. The mice who underwent the Fasting Mimicking Diet had rejuvenated immune systems, decreased incidences of cancer, reduced body fat, improved cognitive performance, decreased inflammation, and increased lifespans.
Fasting to Treat Autoimmunity:
Research in mice showed promising results in using the Fasting Mimicking Diet to treat multiple sclerosis, a debilitating autoimmune condition that attacks the nervous system. When following the diet, immune cells that were attacking the brain and spinal cord were destroyed. Upon re-feeding, new progenitor stem cells were created that repopulated the immune systems of the affected mice, and aided in repairing the damage to the brain and spinal cord. The Fasting Mimicking Diet resulted in a 20% reduction in autoimmunity in mice with multiple sclerosis.
A study that examines the effects of the Fasting Mimicking Diet on humans with Crohn’s Disease, an autoimmune disease the affects the digestive system, are currently underway.
Fasting to Reverse Aging:
Autophagy, the process of removed and recycling old and damaged cells, is a new area of research for reversing the effects of aging. Autophagy alleviates the body burden of senescent cells that have stopped dividing but are still robbing the body of essential nutrients and energy.
When cells become senescent, they release inflammatory mediators, which can damage neighbouring cells and cause inflammation and disease. Cellular senescence is thought to be one of the primary mechanisms by which we age. As we age, more cells become senescent, causing age-related inflammation. A study found that inflammation is the primary factor that drives the aging process, damaging DNA and contributing to various diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, arthritis, cancer, and autoimmunity.
The process of fasting and re-feeding stimulates the production of new, healthy progenitor stem cells in the immune system. Mice and human volunteers who underwent cycles of the Fasting Mimicking Diet had decreased numbers of myeloid cells, the inflammatory immune cells that become more numerous as we age, and increased numbers of cytotoxic T cells, which protect the body against viruses and cancer.
Fasting promotes longevity through its inhibition of Insulin-like Growth Factor -1 (IGF-1), a growth factor that promotes cellular growth, and prevents the death of senescent cells. Growth factors are important for growing babies and children, developing fetuses, boosting muscle, and growing new brain cells. However, growth factors like IGF-1 are negatively associated with longevity because of their potential to stimulate the growth of cancer and prevent autophagy. Mice whose growth factor-dependent genes were removed, or “knocked out”, lived 40-50% longer and suffered from less diseases as they aged. IGF-1 is stimulated by protein and carbohydrate intake; it is elevated in the fed state and inhibited when fasting.
Healthy humans who underwent cycles of the Fasting Mimicking Diet had lower risk factors that were associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes, such as lowered blood pressure, reduced CRP (a marker of inflammation in the blood), and reduced fasting blood glucose levels. These markers remained improved even after the subjects returned to a normal diet, which indicates that fasting may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease, promoting health longevity and increased lifespan.
Fasting for Energy and Resilience to Stress:
Hormesis is the process in which the body’s response to a stressor like the slightly toxic flavonoids in plants, intense exercise, or extreme temperatures, benefits the body as a whole. Hormesis is one of the reasons that exercise and green leafy vegetables are so good for us; they impose minor stressors on the body, boosting its healing properties, and improving resilience.
Fasting, in addition to other positive stressors, up-regulates a stress-response gene called FOX03. When FOX03 is activated, it produces proteins that reduce inflammation, increase anti-oxidant production, repair DNA, and increase cellular energy production through the creation of new mitochondria. Humans with a more active version of the FOX03 gene have an almost 300% chance of living to be over 100 years old.
Fasting also promotes a process called mitophagy. Similar to autophagy, mitophagy involves removing and recycling damaged mitochondria that are no longer able to effectively produce energy. Through activation of the FOX03 gene, more mitochondria are created to replace the old, improving energy production. The creation of new mitochondria only occurs in response to exercise, extreme temperatures, and periods of fasting.
Fasting for Weight Loss:
It doesn’t take a researcher to figure out an obvious truth about fasting: when you don’t eat, you lose weight. Dr. Jason Fung, MD, a Toronto-based nephrologist, prescribes fasting to his obese and diabetic patients. In his book, The Obesity Code, Dr. Fung discusses how the old paradigm of restricting calories for weight loss—eating 1500 calories a day while burning 2000, for example—is out-dated and ineffective for keeping weight off longterm. Dr. Fung argues that fat storage and breakdown are not the result of a simple calories in minus calories out equation, but the performance of a hormonal orchestra conducted by insulin. Insulin stores fat and glycogen, while inhibiting the release of fat breakdown. The body only begins to tap into its glycogen and fat stores when insulin drops during the post-absorptive and fasting phases after a meal. Once it depletes its glycogen stores, the body burns fat as its main source of fuel as long as insulin levels remain low.
According to Dr. Fung, fasting is superior to caloric restriction diets because it keeps insulin levels low for long enough to allow the body to deplete its glycogen stores and tap into fat. Fasting also releases surges of growth hormone, which prevents muscle loss, and norepinephrine, which boosts energy and feelings of well-being. Unlike caloric restriction diets, studies have shown that metabolism increases during and after fasting, preventing weight regain. Dr. Fung argues that fasting can spare muscle, boost metabolism, increase energy, and increase feelings of well-being, making it an effective tool for lasting weight loss.
Ways to Fast:
While the health benefits may be numerous, fasting isn’t easy. The first time I tried a prolonged fast, all I could think about was food. Food was everywhere and the people around me seemed to be eating all the time. My body, accustomed to being constantly fed, wasn’t too happy with the sudden metabolic switch I was demanding from it. Many of our metabolisms have been trained to run on dietary carbohydrate and glycogen as their primary fuel sources, making the first few hours to days of fasting a challenge. However, there are many ways to ease into the practice of fasting. You can obtain Dr. Valter Longo’s Fasting Mimicking Diet kit from a healthcare provider through ProLon, or practice small intermittent fasts, such as Time-Restricted Feeding.
Time-Restricted Feeding:
A researcher at the Salk Institute in Califoronia, Dr. Sachin Panda, PhD, found that restricting eating time had amazing health benefits in mice. Mice were fed an unhealthy diet of lard and sugar. The mice, as you might expect, had shorter lifespans and a variety of health problems: diabetes, obesity, and heart disease. However—and this part is miraculous—when Dr. Panda and his team restricted the time the mice were fed the exact same crappy diet to 12 hours (instead of allowing them to eat whenever they wanted), none of the negative health benefits occurred; the Time-Restricted Fed mice were 70% leaner, lived longer and were free from diabetes or heart disease.
Further investigation revealed that restricting feeding time to 8-12 hours a day, resulted in mice that had less body fat, improved muscle mass, decreased inflammation, increased cardiovascular function, increased mitochondrial function, higher levels of ketone body production, increased cellular repair processes and anti-oxidant production, and increased aerobic endurance. It was when the mice ate, not what they ate, that conferred these health benefits.
North Americans, on average, eat on a 15-hour clock. We seem to eat constantly, stopping only to sleep. To study the effect of Time-Restricted Feeding on humans, Dr. Panda had human participants restrict their food intake to 12 hours a day; if the volunteers had their first sip of coffee at 7 am, they were told to cease all food intake by 7pm. After the completion of the 16-week study, the volunteers lost 3-5% of their body fat without making a conscious change to their diets. The participants reported sleeping better and feeling more energized in the morning. They noted that their overall calorie consumption decreased by about 20% without effort.
Research into Time-Restricted Feeding indicates that allotting at least 12 hours a day to fasting boosts the body’s repair mechanisms, improves digestive function and motility, provides time for the body to switch to ketone body production (which tends to happen 10-12 hours after a meal), improves blood sugar control, regulates appetite, and enhances stress resilience. Taking a break from eating allows the body to invest its energy into repair, rather than digestion. The best part about Dr. Sachin Panda’s research is its simplicity; to obtain all of the benefits, simply avoid after-dinner snacks!
Intermittent Fasting:
Similar to Time-Restricted Feeding, Intermittent Fasting plays with the ratio of fasted to fed hours. Proponents of Intermittent Fasting refrain from eating from 12 to 23 hours within a 24-hour period. A common ratio of fasted to fed time is 16 to 8 hours: fasting for 16 hours a day and eating within an 8-hour window. For example, if breakfast is at 8am, then those following a 16:8 intermittent fast stop eating by 4pm in the afternoon.
Alternate Daily Fasting or the 5:2 Diet:
Studies with mice and human subjects found that alternating daily food intake, or following a 23:1 fast (having just one meal a day) every second day, was effective for weight loss. The protocol is beautifully simple: every second day either fast completely or indulge in only one meal. While people tend to eat more on their “fed” days, they don’t seem to make up the calories that are lost on the fasting days, resulting in an overall reduction in calories and weight loss.
Water Fasts:
It’s estimated that we need to fast for at least 36 hours to get the autophagy benefits, which makes water fasting a powerful therapeutic and anti-aging practice. Water fasting is simple: withstand extended periods, usually 3 to 5 days, but often longer, only consuming water.
The longest recorded water fast was 382 days, performed in 1973 by a 27-year old male who weighed 456 lbs. During the months he fasted, the 27-year old consumed only water and a multivitamin and, according to the study published on him, experienced “no ill-effects”. While water fasts can have amazing therapeutic benefits, it is advised that they be medically supervised.
Ketogenic Diets:
Ketogenic diets are high-fat diets that restrict carbohydrates and limit protein, and can mimic the low-insulin conditions of fasting. Because carbohydrates and protein are restricted, the body is forced to turn dietary fat into ketone bodies, which it can use for energy.
Ketone bodies, especially beta-hydroxybutyrate, produced from either dietary or body fat, have important therapeutic uses. They provide more energy for the brain than glucose, which can have benefits for memory, mood, concentration and cognitive performance. Ketogenic diets have been recommended for treatment-resistant epilepsy, and diseases associated with cognitive decline like Alzeimer’s and Parkinson’s. More recently ketogenic diets have been recommended for mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety.
Ketone bodies also help cells resist oxidative stress, preventing cellular damage, which makes ketogenic diets of interest to cancer researchers because or their ability to starve cancer cells of protein and carbohydrates, while fuelling healthy cells.
Ketogenic diets can deliver many of the benefits of fasting because of the low-insulin, low growth factor conditions they induce. When a person becomes “keto-adapted”, able to burn ketone bodies efficiently for fuel, the transition to fasting is easy. For this reason, ketogenic diets and fasting often go hand-in-hand.
Cautions:
While fasting can deliver many health benefits, it can impose a temporary stress on the body for those who haven’t adapted to ketosis or prolonged periods without food. Therefore, it’s important to fast under the supervision of a medical professional, especially if deciding to embark on an extended fast.
Before deciding to fast, the individual’s energy levels and vitality, health status, hormone regulation (those who are taking insulin should practice extreme caution when fasting), age, health history, and health goals, should all be considered. A woman of fertility age will have different health goals than a 72-year old woman with type II diabetes. The former may want to preserve body fat and promote fertility and ovulation, while the latter may want to reduce her insulin and growth factor levels, and lose weight in order to promote health longevity.
Fasting may not be appropriate for everyone. For example, those who are underweight, pregnant, breastfeeding or suffering from an eating disorder should not fast. Fasting in women of reproductive age has the potential to produce hormonal imbalances such as hypothalamic amenorrhea (irregular or absent menstrual cycle). Fasting can exacerbate or cause dysregulation in stress hormones, particularly cortisol, known as “adrenal fatigue”, and potentially effect thyroid function, as a result of the body’s starvation response. Fasting while under the pressure of chronic mental and emotional stress is probably not a good idea. Working with a professional and listening to your body are key elements to doing fasting right.
However, when used correctly, it can be a simple, free, powerful therapeutic tool for healing the body, treating chronic disease, and promoting longevity.
Current research suggest that gluten can increase systemic inflammation, contributing to a worsening of mental health symptoms, as well as other inflammatory conditions, such as pain and autoimmune disease.
Transcript:
Hello, you guys, my name is Dr. Talia Marcheggiani and I’m recording to you guys from my clinic in Bloor West Village. It’s call Bloor West Wellness Clinic, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. And today, I’m going to talk to you guys about how a gluten sensitivity might be the underlying cause of your mental health conditions or other inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, migraines and digestive symptoms like IBS.
One of the reasons that I’m recording this video is because gluten is a really hot topic in the health and wellness industry and you’ve probably encountered your own versions of gluten-free food, or articles on the internet about how gluten is this evil toxin and there’s a lot of misconceptions around this and so I’m going to just talk a little bit about what gluten is and my own journey with cutting gluten out of my diet and how I came to that space where I was willing to do the experimentation and cut it out and see what my results were.
So, gluten isn’t a toxic substance per se, I mean there’s opinion around this in certain circles based on what it can do and how it affects the immune system and the results it can have on digestion, if you have sensitivity to it. But, what gluten is, is it’s a protein complex; it’s a bunch of proteins that are found in grains—wheat, rye and barley. And the protein complex consists of different proteins called gliadins. I might use gliadin and gluten interchangeably; it’s the same thing.
And, so, there is a health condition called Celiac Disease that’s a very serious health condition; it’s an autoimmune condition where the body attacks an enzyme called transglutaminase that’s involved in processing gliadin molecules. So this is not a reaction to gluten, per se, it’s an autoimmune reaction that’s caused by, that’s caused any time the body comes into contact with gliadin or gluten.
And celiac disease is a very serious health condition, it affects about 1% of the population, but there’s some room there for debate. So, some people think that you acquire celiac disease as you go on, and there’s evidence for that. And also, some people think that there’s a great underestimation of how many people are affected by celiac disease, that the number is higher than 1%, but that a lot of the cases do undetected.
And so celiac disease is diagnosed by blood tests. We’re looking at transglutaminase and endomysial antibodies, but the gold standard diagnosis is doing an intestinal biopsy. So, that’s how you find out if you have celiac disease, or not. So some people have done a blood test and they’ve tested negative for celiac disease, but are exhibiting some of the symptoms and so an intestinal biopsy will tell you yes or no definitively whether you have it or not.
Now, whether someone with celiac disease should avoid gluten or not isn’t really the debate here, I mean, that’s obvious. So, if you have celiac disease you have to avoid gluten 100%, it can’t be in your diet. You can’t even have a crumb of it. You have to use special toasters, or toaster bags, for your gluten-free toast. You have to make sure that your oatmeal hasn’t been contaminated by gluten. You can’t shop at Bulk Barn because there could be cross-contamination with gluten-containing substances. So, it’s almost like an allergy, you really have to be careful about coming into contact with gluten. And when people avoid gluten, if they have celiac disease, then that disease is managed.
So, whether someone with celiac should avoid gluten or not is not up for debate. What is is in this grey area, which is what you’ll be reading about online and that you’ll hear certain professional say is kind of myth, is this idea of non-celiac gluten sensitivity or gluten sensitivity. These are people who don’t have celiac disease, but for one reason or another notice that, when they take gluten out of their diet, they feel better. And when they reintroduce gluten they feel worse. And the symptoms are complex, just like in celiac disease. So, in celiac, people can get rashes, they can get joint pain, they can experience brain fog, they can experience brain damage, they can get arthritis, they can start getting other conditions such as thyroid conditions and so the symptoms are so wide-spread because of the inflammation that is triggered by eating gluten, and this is also the case with non-celiac gluten sensitivity—people who avoid gluten.
So, my story was that when I was a student at the naturopathic college, one of the things that I was exposed to in first year was this idea about elimination diets and leaky gut, which I’ll explain in a bit more depth, but you might have heard me write or talk about leaky gut. And, this idea that things like gluten or dairy could be contributing to some symptoms that I was experiencing and that a lot of patients were experiencing, and that taking these foods out in a systematic fashion, so doing a really clean diet, or a “hypoallergenic diet”, or a diet that’s basically chicken, rice and maybe some spinach, that that would heal a lot of the complaints that I and many others were experiencing, but that probably gluten was implicated in that.
So I was really resistant to this for at least two years. So, I wasn’t an early adopter at all to this idea, a lot of my classmates got the information, they went out and they started eliminating a lot of these foods from their pantries and they tried eliminations just for fun—well, for fun and also to experiment and to heal themselves and to “walk the talk”, as we say. But, I was living with my Italian grandmother and I would have toast for breakfast, I’d have pasta for probably lunch and dinner. I was getting gluten in my diet a lot and the idea of taking it out and resisting those familial pressures was—I just didn’t want to deal with it.
But, throughout the first couple of years of school I was also getting migraines on an almost weekly basis. And these migraines would take me out for the entire day. So, for the entire day I’d be throwing up, lying in the dark with a cloth on my head, trying to take some Advil, or something to mitigate it, but this was a chronic thing that I was going through.
Best case scenario, I’d get these once a month, but they were things that I was getting often. And I also had this life-long problem with bloating, these kind of IBS symptoms, like gas and bloating and, when I first started the naturopathic college, it was amazing to me that that was something we were talking about, because I’d kind of written that off as just being something, a peculiarity or particularity about my body that I’d just have to live with and it didn’t even occur to me that something that wasn’t considered a “disease”, per se, could be something that warranted attention and that had a treatment that went along with it, and a cause.
So I was kind of intrigued by that idea, like “oh, you mean I don’t need to be bloated?” and that, even though I’m not sick, like I’m healthy, I don’t have a disease, I don’t have high cholesterol or some of autoimmune disease, or type one diabetes, or something like that, but that the idea that an imbalance, or symptoms that were uncomfortable could be treated was totally new and exciting for me.
And so there was this intrigue in being gluten-free, but also this resistance to it.
And then, I think I was at a talk at school where we were given—it was sort of an information session, we were given free samples of a 7-day detox that involved shakes. And so, I did that because I had this free box, probably worth about $80 and I just decided, “ok, well I’m going to do this detox, it will be good for me. It will be sort of my introduction to eliminating a lot of these foods. It’ll be easy.” And it was really difficult. The first two days I had massive headaches as I was withdrawing from a lot of the things I was addicted to, such as caffeine, sugar and, probably, gluten, as well. But that sort of set the stage because I felt a lot better after that process, even after only that week of eliminating the foods. And so, when I started introducing the things I was eating normally back in, such as pasta and bread, I felt a lot worse. So, that discrepancy kind of woke me up to the idea that maybe these foods aren’t that great for me. And then I began a process of elimination and noticed really good results. I mean I don’t get migraines any more. It’s very very rare, and it’ll be a combination of weather and other factors and stress and overwork. But, that once-a-week, or even once-a-month, being in the dark with a cloth on my head, no noise and vomiting all day: that’s in the past. And now when I reintroduce gluten I can maybe tolerate a bit of it, but I definitely notice a difference in my energy levels, in my digestion, and just in my mental functioning and in my mood when I make a habit of having it more often. So, I’m basically grain and gluten-free and have been so for about 4 or 5 years.
So, why is gluten bad? Why gluten? Why is that an issue? The obvious answer is that it’s so present in our society. So, in North America, gluten is one of the main staples in our diets. So, pasta for lunch, bread or a sandwich for dinner, and toast for breakfast, or cereal. We’re getting gluten as a main source in our diet, in wheat, very often. And so, when we’re exposed to certain foods continually, we become more susceptible to an immune response against those foods.
But also, gluten has, we see in the mechanism of celiac disease, there are these, this genetic predisposition to react to gluten. And so on immune cells, and we know that our digestive system is the gateway between our bodies and the external environment. And so, how our immune system kind of “educates” itself is by sampling things from the environment and deciding what’s us—and we shouldn’t attack ourselves, because that creates an autoimmune issue—what’s us, what’s ourselves and what’s food, what’s useful to the body, what’s supposed to be incorporated into the body as fuel—and what is not helpful for the body, what is toxic, what is foreign, and what we need to defend against, like bacteria and viruses.
So, our digestive system is kind of involved in sampling from the environment, deciding and showing those pieces of the environment to the immune system, and letting the immune system decide what it’s going to do about these things.
So, when we’re eating foods we’re kind of presenting them to the immune system. And our immune cells have different receptors, so they’re called receptors, but they’re sort of like, you can describe them as like locks for keys or little sort of antennae that feel out the environment. And so people with the receptors, HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 receptors, on their immune cells, those people tend to react and to connect those receptors with gliadin molecules, so gluten molecules, and that signals an immune response from the body. And when the body thinks it’s come into contact with something that it needs to trigger an immune response against, so that means something foreign, something threatening to us and to our health, then a whole inflammatory pathway starts to take place.
So, think about when you get a cold. You come into contact with the virus and the reason that that virus doesn’t kill us is because our immune system reacts to it. When you get a cold, depending on what virus you’re in contact with, you might get the swollen throat, and the pain, and maybe a fever, and maybe some mucus production, some runny nose. You might feel tired because it takes a lot of energy to mount an immune response like that.
So, when we’re experiencing inflammation, it’s really useful for us, because we’re killing off the things that could kill us, basically we’re at war with something from our environment, but it also doesn’t feel great to be in that state. And so we get into trouble when we’re in an inflammatory state and it’s not for the right reasons, like that we’re trying to attack something (acutely) and get rid of it.
So, a lot of people have these receptors. So even though only 1% of people react to gluten in the sense of celiac disease, about 30% of people express these HLA-DQ2/8 receptors on their immune cells. And so, coming into contact with gluten on a regular basis could be problematic for these people and it could trigger some inflammation.
Another thing that gluten does is create a leaky gut situation. So, I’ve talked about leaky gut before. Our intestinal cells, so our intestine is this long tube from our mouth to our anus, and it winds around and it goes from mouth to esophagus, to stomach, to small intestine, large intestine, and then rectum and anus, and different things happen along that process. And in our small intestine, we have these really long, they’re kind of like cylindrical cells. And, on one end, on the end that’s in contact with what we eat, there’s these little fingers, these villi that reach out into the environment and that maximizes our ability to absorb the things that good for us—the foods that we eat. And, in between—so, the villi kind of control, ok we’re going to break down the carbs, and we’re going to break down the amino acids, from proteins and we’re going to break down the fatty acids, and we’re going to absorb all of the ions and the minerals and the vitamins and we’re going to control how we take them in. We’re also going to control how we take in foreign substances, because we’re going to, remember, show them to the immune system and say “take a look, this is what’s in our environment. This is what you guys might need to prepare yourselves to defend against if this becomes a problem for us.”
And so, we really control, tightly, what we’re taking in through our intestine. So our intestine doesn’t just want to open up the gates and let whatever is outside in, it’s got these really specialized mechanisms for letting certain things into the body. And, so, between these intestinal cells. You imagine these cylindrical cells, almost like a hand, with little fingers, and they’re lined up all along your intestine. And between them are something called tight junctions. And so those, they might become more or less permeable depending on the state of the gut, and that’s controlled by something called zonulin.
Zonulin will open up that permeability and let things in between the cells. And lower amounts of zonulin will maintain a more closed environment. And so one thing that gluten has been shown to do, or gliadin, is increase levels of zonulin, which opens up our intestine to the external environment. And think about the things we eat. Think about the things that swallow, by accident or intentionally, the things in our environment that are toxic, or giant pieces of protein from foods. So, protein in and of itself can cause an immune reaction. We have children that are deathly allergic to peanuts and other nuts.
So, it becomes problematic when we have all this stuff just entering our body. And so gluten opens up the gut to allow all these things to enter the body. And so we end up mounting an immune response to things that would otherwise be harmless to us, like dairy, or eggs, those kind of things that are actually nutritious and helpful for our bodies. So, we start to enter this state. When we’re in a leaky gut state we start to enter a state of inflammation. And inflammation has widespread effects. In my case it was migraines and bloating and digestive symptoms, a foggier mind, foggier brain and lower mood as well. And in some people it can be bipolar disorder. It could be worsening of symptoms on the autism spectrum. It could be depression and it could be anxiety. And when we’re in that inflammatory state we have higher amounts of something called, they’re like excitotoxins, or endotoxins. And so these are toxins like lipopolysaccharides, or LPS, as it’s most often referred to, that trigger anxiety, they activate the limbic system, they activate the amygdala; these are fear centres in our brain.
We also have something called the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB). And that’s really similar to the intestinal barrier with the tight junctions, and that prevents things from getting into our brain that are in our bloodstream. So, it’s like we have this second wall of defence because our brain is so important to our survival and fluctuations in our brain chemistry have really disastrous effects. So we have this extra sort of layer called the BBB that prevents things from getting into our brain. And when we’re in a high inflammatory state, like when we’re exposed to gluten, we get these cross-reactions where what keeps our blood brain barrier intact starts to separate, so we get this leaky brain picture. So we’ve got a leaky gut and also a leaky brain happening. And so we’re getting these toxins, and we’re getting inflammatory mediators entering the brain.
And more research into depression and other mental health conditions has shown that inflammation might play a giant role in low mood. There was one study done with patient who were hospitalized for bipolar disorder. So, these were people who were in a psychiatric facility. And they measure their blood for antibodies against gliadin. And they found that there were elevated antibodies in these people. So, there wasn’t a control group, they weren’t testing against non-bipolar, or people that didn’t have a bipolar diagnosis, but they found that every single patient, who was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and was hospitalized, so their symptoms were severe enough to require hospitalization, had elevated levels of antibodies to gliadin. Then they retested them some time later and found that having high levels of gliadin, or even further rises in gliadin antibodies, predicted whether they were rehospitalized. So, we can infer from that that their symptoms worsened. And so we know that there is this connection between mental health conditions, you know, depression and anxiety and bipolar and even psychosis (and gluten sensitivity). Another study showed that there were high levels of antibodies in people who had psychosis and psychotic symptoms.
So, we know that there is this connection with mental health and with inflammation and that this inflammation can be worsened by a gluten sensitivity or gluten reactivity and that maybe 30% or more of people are susceptible to reacting to gluten in some kind of way. And that gluten just in and of itself might cause this leaky brain situation or leaky gut situation. So, one thing I do is that I don’t do this with every single patient that I see who comes in with depression or anxiety or stress. I mean I don’t jump right into prying gluten from their hands, because my own experience was that it took me literally two years to think about removing it and I had to come to it on my own. But, I might plant the seed, or we might do something like a trial run. Especially someone who’s got mental health symptoms, or is coming to me for mental wellness, and they also have digestive symptoms. I mean, those two things together are a clue that doing some elimination diet, or some leaky gut healing or removing foods like gluten could be a good idea.
But I might present the option to them. We find that most treatment does really need to have 100% compliance rate. So, some patients will come back and say, “you know, I kind of took gluten out, maybe 70-80%” and that’s really great, because I think that it sort of sets the stage for creating a gluten-free lifestyle and doing a gluten-free trial, but really what the research is showing is that we need to 100% take it out to allow the gut healing and the brain healing to occur and to lower those inflammatory mediators.
But, the good news is that it usually takes about 2 to 4 weeks to get symptoms to really come down. So, it’s not like you’re on this trial for life and you can go back to your pasta—if you don’t notice any change after 2 to 4 weeks, at all, then you can go back to your pasta with the peace of mind that this isn’t an issue for you. But, if you do notice some improvement after removing it, then it is something that we can investigate either down the line, when you’re ready, or something that you might want to consider. It’s sort of like planting that seed. But, I don’t pry out of my patients’ kicking and screaming hands. It will be something that we might work on down the road, and something that is always kind of on the table or on the back burner for future attempts and experimentation.
And so, the gold standard, when it comes to treating gluten sensitivity, is just to do an elimination, so take gluten out of your diet for about a month, 100% out, as best you can. There are blood tests that you can do and those can show an elevated antibody response to gluten or gliadin or wheat as well as other foods. The one I do on my patients looks at about 120 different foods. And this is great because having a piece of paper that shows you what your immune system is dealing with in the moment that you got the blood work done is useful. And people tend to, when it’s a blood test, it tends to hold more authority than simply the subjectivity of symptoms. But, really, the best way to see how gluten affects you or how certain foods are affecting you in your immune system is to do an elimination diet, remove it 100% from your diet, give your body some time to heal and then reintroduce it and see what it does to you once you’ve healed from the state that it’s put you in.
Doing that removal is important because the antibodies are only one part of the immune system and so when I’ve done a food sensitivity test on myself, I felt crappy because you have to eat the food for a while. So I was reintroducing gluten into my diet and I didn’t have a high gluten antibody. I had antibodies to other foods, but not gluten. So I kind of psychologically was like, “well, I guess I’m ok to eat it, then.” And went back to eating it a bit more regularly and then experienced really terrible symptoms and my mental health took a decline and then I had to take it out again.
So, the labs don’t necessarily tell the whole story. What does tell the whole story are your symptoms. So, taking gluten out for 2 or 4 weeks is what I recommend most people do. And, so how do you take it out? So, really what the goal is, because, and I’m saying this piece now because there were some articles that were floating around, it was a few months ago, but I’m sure they’re still around, that said, “going gluten-free is unhealthy. It’s dangerous.” And I was really confused by that because I was like, it’s not like wheat is this really important food in our diet that’s giving us all kind of nutrients. We fortify grains with things like folic acid and other B vitamins, like riboflavin. But, they’re not super nutritionally dense, and it’s not like we have a calorie deficiency where we need to get more carbs and calories. I’m not telling people to avoid spinach, or something that is really giving them a lot of nutritional currency, so why would it be harmful to take gluten out?
And then I realized how it’s often being taken out. So, you go to the grocery store and you find that there’s a whole gluten-free section. They basically have gluten-free breads or gluten-free Oreo cookies. And those gluten-free Oreo cookies are for, like, celiac children that want to join in with the rest of the group. They’re not like, “oh, I’m eating these gluten-free Oreo cookies. These are a healthy choice that I’m making.” It’s a substitute for a junky food. You’re substituting one junky food for another junky food, but the only thing is that you’re still maintaining your gluten-free status while on the substitution.
And when it comes to gluten-free breads vs. whole grain breads or whole wheat breads. Probably whole wheat breads have more nutritional bang for their buck; they’re higher in fibre, they have more nutrients. And gluten is a protein, which is what causes the immune system reactivity that it does, but if you don’t react to proteins, they’re healthy for us and we need them, because they contain the amino acids and they fill us up, and they do all the other things that proteins from other foods do. So, usually gluten-free bread doesn’t have very many proteins in it.
So, yeah, if you’re choosing between nutritional value of a gluten-free bread versus a whole wheat bread, then the whole wheat bread is better for you. So, we see this in people that do gluten eliminations and they’re kind of like, ok I’m going to take my wheat pasta and I’m going to have rice pasta instead. I’m going to take my gluten-free toast in the morning, or my gluten toast, my wheat toast in the morning and have gluten-free toast instead. So, that’s not the healthiest way to go about it. It might be a good way to transition when you’re trying to do an elimination. It gives you peace of mind, it allows you to still have your Oreos. It’s not creating a giant change, then that could be helpful. But really what we’re aiming to do is not just substitute wheat products, or gluten-containing products, for non-gluten-containing products and leave it at that, we’re trying to shift into a more traditional diet, like a Mediterranean diet or a Paleo diet, that’s higher in the fruits and the vegetables, and that’s higher in the healthy fats and that’s more protein-rich, and that the proteins are from better, cleaner sources. So, that’s the end goal. So, it’s not that we’re happy with patients eating rice flour and tapioca bread. It’s about switching to a cleaner and more sustainable diet that our bodies evolved to thrive on.
However, the immuno-reactivity of gluten is really what we’re trying to deal with when we’re going on a gluten-free diet, especially the 2 to 4 week trial run. And so what you’re doing on that 2 to 4 week period that’s allowing you to stay on gluten, if that involves gluten-free rice bread, then that’s another story and I think, as a naturopathic doctor working with people who are struggling to get rid of gluten and see if that’s an issue for them, I think that’s ok for the short term.
So, it’s not that going off gluten is bad for you, it’s how we do it. Are we changing our habits for better ones or are we kind of sustaining some of the same Standard North American Diet habits and just cutting the gluten out and thinking that that’s healthy for us, or that that’s going to cause weight loss, or whatever.
No, this is a different thing that I’m talking about. I’m talking about gluten as a root cause of inflammation that then leads to psychiatric disorders, such as bipolar, depression, and anxiety.
And, so one thing I’m going to say as well is that sometimes it’s not enough just to take out gluten and so what I do—or other foods that are suspect, right, so dairy could be another culprit in this or things like eggs, or soy. There’s many things that we could react to. But we often start with gluten. So, often taking the food out isn’t enough and we need to do some gut healing with things like l-glutamine, which I mention in my amino acid talk and also restoring the probiotic balance and doing some things that are just helping repair the gut, getting digestion back on track, getting your digestive motility moving through things like digestive enzymes and bitter herbs and things that like. And so, I’m just going to mention three probiotics that have been shown—they’re called “psychobiotics”. They’re nicknamed that because of the beneficial effects on mental health and in another lecture I was also talking about how the probiotics in our gut are also responsible for producing serotonin that our body has available to it, which we know is the “happy hormone”, that’s what the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors work on. So, getting the right balance of bugs in your gut could be just as effective, potentially, as taking an antidepressant medication. So, that’s really cool. But the three bugs that a lot of research has been done on are the Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacteria longum and Lactobacillus helveticus, which has been shown in studies to actually decrease anxiety and to lower levels of cortisol, which we know is also implicated in depression and anxiety and probably other more serious psychiatric disorders.
So, I hope that was enlightening. We talked about how gluten can contribute to inflammation, leaky gut and thereby exacerbate or create mental health issues. How going gluten-free is not the same as going “whole foods” and how going gluten-free might be the answer or at least a part of your self-care process in healing from mental health conditions.
Thanks a lot, guys. I hope you’re having a good New Year, a good 2017, and I’ll see you soon.
My website is taliand.com and you can contact me at connect@taliand.com. I’m a naturopathic doctor and I focus on mental health and I work in Toronto, Ontario, at Bloorwest Wellness Clinic.
